In P. 198. Eupolis is quoted & Magura and in p. 478. i Magsing. Alberti observes ut Magixa in Apollonii Dyscoli Grammat. ined.' The passage of Apollonius is in p. 428. Reizii Excerpt. Eupolis is cited Magixa ap. Athen. xv. p. 690. E. 691. C. Plutarch. in Nicia p. 960. ed. HSt. Erotian. v. váydas. Schol. Eschyl. Pers. 65. Schol. Soph. Ed. Col. 1600. Schol. Aristoph. Plut. 1038. Schol. Platon. p.7. Hesych. v. Aouλay. Suid. vv. Αμφορεαφόρους. Μικροῦ τοῦ ὀβολοῦ, τῶζα. (where Μαρυκα) Polluc. x. 20. But the Grammarians have all mistaken the title of the play. It should be Euroλis iv MagixãνT. Aristophanes ap. Eustath. in Iliad. B. p. 300, 22. 'Axx' ́our bywyś vos Xéyw Magixärta più noσοι λέγω Μαρικᾶντα λάζειν.

In p. 438. The same Comedian is cited in Xeuroyers, which Mr Hermann has not altered into Xevra yéve. In the Etymologicon Magnum p. 132. the following verse Ti yag ior' ixsïvo; άñoπάτημα (ταποπάτημα) ἀλώπεκος, is quoted from Eupolis Χρυσογενεία. His Xgurou yéves is cited by Hephaestion xvi. 3. Priscian p. 1329. Schol. Plat. p. 44. See Casaubon on Athenæus ix. 17. Hemsterhuis on Pollux ix. 26. x. 63.

6

The Animadversiones' of Dr Schleusner are learned and useful; but they bear stronger marks of diligence than of ingenuity. He does not appear to have devoted so much of his time to metrical studies as the learned editor Mr Hermann. At the word Παραστασις Photius quotes Μένανδρος Μισογύνη. ἕλκει δὲ γραμματίδιον ἐκεῖσε δίθυρον, καὶ παράστασις μία δραχμή. Dr Schleusner says that these words are leviter corrupta;' and accordingly he disposes them in two verses, which, although remarkable for harmony, must, we fear, be classed under the head of asynartete. Ελκει δὲ γράμμα τ ̓ ἴδιον ἐκεῖ σε δίθυρον Καὶ παράστασις μία. fellit te video,' says Bentley to Le Clerc, Kusteri Suidas, ubi Typographi opinor errore post verbum agaclaris punctum 'male inseritur, Quo tu infeliciter arrepto, et sententiam cur'tasti; et perinde senarium concinnasti, ac si in Horatio scriberes Macenas regibus edite atavis. Emend, in Menand.

p. 43.

Μουνυχία, τόπος τοῦ Πειραιοῦ ἀπὸ Μουνυχίας Αθηνάς. Dr S. re places 'Agruidos for 'Almas, but forgets to remark that this is an emendation of Ruhnken, Auctar. Emendat. in Hesych. T. II. 1. 24. ν. Ἱερὰ παρθένος. who quotes also Πειραιώς, and not Πειραιοῦ.

Dr Schleusner has remarked, that several extracts from Photius are scattered up and down in the notes of Alberti on Hesychius, which do not appear in Mr Hermann's edition. The Doctor himself has omitted to notice some various readings from the Oxford transcript, in the extracts given by Le Clerc in his Index to Menander.

We now dismiss this valuable Lexicon for the present; and earnestly hope that we shall, ere long, be called upon to notice, at greater length, a more correct and useful edition of it, possessing advantages of which the present cannot boast, viz. those of being printed from the Codex Galeanus, of correct typography, of critical annotations, and though last, not least, a reasonable price.

ART. V. An Essay on the Population of Dublin; being the result of an actual Survey taken in 1798, with great care and precision, and arranged in a manner entirely new. By the Rev. James Whitelaw, M. R. I. A., Vicar of St Catherine's. To which is added, the General Return of the District Committee in 1804; with a Comparative Statement of the two Surveys. Also several Observations on the Present State of the poorer parts of the City of Dublin. Dublin, 1805. A Brief Inquiry into the present State of Agriculture in the Southern part of Ireland, and its Influence on the Manners and Condition of the Lower Classes of the People: With some Considerations on the Ecclesiastical Establishment of that Country. By Joshua Kirby Trimmer. London, 1809.

Farther Observations on the present State of Agriculture, and Condition of the Lower Classes of the People in the Southern parts of Ireland: With an Estimate of the Agricultural Resources of that Country; and a Plan for carrying into effect a Commutation for Tithe, and a Project for Poor Laws. By Joshua Kirby Trimmer. London, 1812.

Statistical Survey of the County of Antrim; with Observations on the Means of Improvement; drawn up for the Consideration, and by Direction of the Dublin Society. By the Rev. John Dubourdieu, Rector of Annahilt. Dublin, 1812.

Observations on the Character, Customs, and Superstitions of the Irish; and on some of the Causes which have retarded the Moral and Political Improvement of Ireland. By Daniel Dewar. London, 1812.

Statistical Survey of the County of Cork; with Observations on the Means of Improvement; drawn up for the Consideration, and by Direction of the Dublin Society. By the Rev. Horatio Townsend, M. A. Dublin, 1810.

Statistical Observations on the County of Kilkenny, made in the years 1800 and 1801. By William Tighe, esq. M. P.

THER

HERE is not, perhaps, a more satisfactory proof of the progress of political knowledge, in our own age and country,

than the attention which the Government of Ireland has attracted since the commencement of the present reign; and there is not a more instructive page in the history of mankind than that of Ireland, if perused in the spirit which it ought naturally to excite.

It is admitted upon all hands, that the state of Ireland is deplorable. It is the general complaint of her natives, and of the strangers who visit her, that the great mass of her population is placed in circumstances of wretchedness, which strike the humane with horror. Mr Whitelaw, in that most interesting performance, the title of which we have placed with others at the head of this article, states the following important facts.

In the ancient parts of Dublin, the streets are, with a few exceptions, generally narrow; the houses crowded together; and the reres, or back yards, of very small extent. Of these streets, a few are the residence of the upper class of shopkeepers, and others engaged in trade; but a far greater proportion of them, with their numerous lanes and alleys, are occupied by working manufacturers, by petty shopkeepers, the labouring poor, and beggars, crowded together to a degree distressing to humanity. A single apartment, in one of these truly wretched habitations, rates from one to two shillings per week; and, to lighten this rent, two, three, and even four families, become joint tenants. As I was usually out at very early hours on the survey, I have frequently surprised from ten to sixteen persons, of all ages and sexes, in a room not fifteen feet square, stretched on a wad of filthy straw, swarming with vermin, and without any covering, save the wretched rags that constituted their wearing apparel.

This crowded population, wherever it obtains, is almost universally accompanied by a very serious evil; a degree of filth and stench inconceivable, except by such as have visited those scenes of wretchedness. Into the back yard of each house, frequently not ten feet deep, is flung, from the windows of each apartment, the ordure and other filth of its numerous inhabitants; from whence it is so seldom removed, that I have seen it nearly on a level with the windows of the first floor; and the moisture, that, after heavy rains, ouzes from this heap, having frequently no sewer to carry it off, runs into the street, by the entry leading to the stair-case.

One instance, out of a thousand that might be given, will be sufficient. When I attempted, in the summer of 1798, to take the population of a ruinous house in Joseph's Lane, near Castle-market, I was interrupted in my progress, by an inundation of putrid blood, alive with maggots, which had, from an adjoining slaughter-yard, burst the back-door, and filled the hall, to the depth of several inches. By the help of a plank, and some stepping stones, which I procured for that purpose, (for the inhabitants, without any concern, waded through it), I reached the stair-case. It had rained

violently; and, from the shattered state of the roof, a torrent of water made its way through every floor, from the garret to the ground. The sallow looks, and filth of the wretches who crowded round me, indicated their situation; though they seemed insensible to the stench, which I could scarcely sustain for a few minutes. In the garret, I found the entire family of a poor working shoemaker, seven in number, lying in a fever, without a human being to administer to their wants. On observing that his apartment had not a door, he informed me, that his landlord, finding him not able to pay the week's rent, in consequence of his sickness, had, the preeeding Saturday, taken it away, in order to force him to abandon the apartment. I counted in this sty thirty-seven persons.

In July 1798, the entire side of a house, four stories high, in School-house-lane, fell from its foundation into an adjoining yard, where it destroyed an entire dairy of cows. I ascended the remaining ruin, through the usual approach of shattered stairs, stench, and filth. The floors had all sunk on the side now unsupported, forming so many inclined planes; and I observed, with astonishment, that the inhabitants, above thirty in number, who had escaped destruction by the circumstance of the wall falling outwards, had not deserted their apartments. I was informed, that it had remained some months in this situation; and that the humane landlord claimed, and actually received for it, the usual rent. To persons unacquainted with the scenes I have been describing, this picture will seem overcharged; but I pledge myself, that if they take the trouble of inquiry, they will find it faithfully and minutely true.'

The person to whom we are indebted for this important information, was a clergyman of the Established Church, one of the ministers of the city of Dublin, a member of the Board of Education, a gentleman of fortune and the highest respectability, who, in 1798, with the sanction indeed of Government, but without a farthing of support, undertook and executed, by his own personal exertion and expense, the great patriotic task of a census, as then unperformed, of the capital of his native island.

That the inhabitants of the country are in a situation corresponding to that of the inhabitants of the town, is too well known ; and follows by causes too necessary to need any confirmation. In hovels, too wretched to deserve the name of houses, or even of pig-styes, mixed at bed and at board with the animals whom they rear, more than half naked, with nothing but potatoes to eat, and, except in the first six months after harvest, a frequent insufficiency even of that lowest species of nou. rishment, they lead the life of beasts rather than of men.

Of such general and extreme poverty, the necessary result is, a state of barbarity as to manners, sentiments, and habits of

life. Hear, upon the existence of this deplorable fact, one of the best informed and most candid of Irishmen, the author of the late celebrated pamphlet, entitled A Sketch of the State of Ireland, Pats and Present,'-ascribed, but we suspect erroneously, to the present Secretary of the Admiralty.

What the Romans found the Britons and Germans, the Britons found the Irish,-and left them. Neglect, or degeneracy of the colonists, and perversity of the natives, have preserved, even to our day, living proofs of the veracity of Cæsar and Tacitus. Of this, many will affect to be incredulous-of the Irish, lest it diminish the character of the country-of the English, because it arraigns the wisdom aud policy of their system. But the experienced know it to be true; and the impartial will own it.'

Extreme indigence and misery, with a state of barbarity, are universally followed by turbulence and ferocity. Men who have nothing but life to lose, are always found to hazard it upon slight occasions. Existence is only valued in proportion to its enjoyments; and men, whose lives are too miserable to be worth much to their owners, are little disposed to set a value upon the lives of others. Where home affords no enjoyments, the abandonment of home causes no regret; and the slightest incentive suffices to throw the inmates into movement and enterprize.

Indigence, barbarity, ferocity-little value for their own lives, less for the lives of others--little respect for property, in which they can hardly be said to have any share-a disposition to movement and enterprize, and yet a tendency to sloth, may be considered as the general characteristics of human nature in the very lowest stage of improvement; and can scarcely be denied to compose, at this moment, a true picture of the Irish population. The political consequences are unavoidable;-a country without a surplus produce, and governed by the sword;-to the empire at large, not a support, but a burthen; and not merely a burthen, but a terror-the source of her fears and her danger.

*

* A surplus produce, means, not a quantity of corn to export; for England has not corn to export, and yet a great surplus produce: By which is meant, a certain proportion of the annual produce, which, after maintaining the inhabitants, and defraying the necessary ex pense of government, may be annually aggregated, by saving, to the capital of the country-may be laid out in great improvements, or employed in the business of defence.-Of such a surplus, Ireland is still destitute.