nations, it be possible to attain a more interesting place of observation. So commanding is the view of Jerusalem afforded in this situa tion, that the eye roams over all the streets, and around the walls, as if in the survey of a plan or model of the city. The most conspicuous object is the Mosque, erected upon the site and foundations of the Temple of Solomon: this edifice may perhaps be considered as the finest specimen of Saracenic architecture which exists in the world. But this view of Jerusalem serves to strengthen the objections urged against the prevailing opinion concerning the topography of the ancient city. D'Anville believed that ancient and modern Jerusalem were very similarly situated; that by excluding what is now called Calvary, and embracing the whole of what is now called. Mount Sion, we should have an area equal in extent to the space which was occupied by the walls and buildings before the destruction of the Holy City by Vespasian and Titus. But this is by no means true: a spectator upon the Mount of Olives, who looks down upon the space enclosed by the walls of Jerusalem in their present state, as they have remained since they were restored in the sixteenth century by Solyman the son of Selim, and perhaps have existed from the time of Adrian, must be convinced that, instead of covering two conspicuous hills, Jerusalem now occupies one eminence alone; namely, that of Moriah, where the Temple stood of old, and where, like a Phoenix that hath arisen from the ashes of its parent, the famous Mosque of Omar is now situated. It is probable that the whole of Mount Sion has been excluded; and that the mountain covered by ruined edifices, whose base is perforated by antient sepulchres, and separated from Mount Moriah by the deep trench, or Tyropoon, extending as far as the Fountain Siloa, towards the eastern valley, is, in fact, that eminence which was once surmounted by the "bulwarks, towers, and regal buildings" of the House of David. There seems to be no other method of reconciling the accounts which antient authors give of the space occupied by the former city; these in no wise correspond with its present appearance: And the strange temerity which endeavours to warp the text of an historian, so as to suit existing prejudices, and the interests of a degrading superstition, cannot surely be too eagerly scouted by every friend of truth and science. Eusebius allows a distance of twenty-seven stadia, or three miles and three furlongs, for the circumference of the antient city. The circuit of the modern town does not exceed two miles and a half, or twenty stadia, according to the measure of Eusebius. We cannot, therefore, without including this mountain, embrace an area sufficiently extensive even for the dimensions afforded by Eusebius. But supposing that the ancient Cryptæ, described at the conclusion of the preceding Chapter, do mark the position of the regal sepulchres, in the midst of the vast cemetery of the antient Jews, where the Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea was also possibly situated, then it will appear evident, that the mountain standing to the south of that deep trench or valley, which Sandys has described as the Valley of Ge

hinnom, (where the sepulchres appear which now exhibit, in so many instances, the words of an inscription, THC AFIAC CIWN), was, in fact, Mount Sion; opposed, upon the south, to Moriah, and divided from it by this valley. That the summit of this mountain was formerly included within the walls of the antient city, the remains upon it, at this hour, not only of walls, but of sumptuous edifices, seem forcibly to demonstrate. In this view of the subject, the topography of the city seems more reconcileable with antient documents. The present Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and all the trumpery attached to it, will, it is true, be thrown into the back ground; but the Sepulchres of the Kings of Judah, so long an object of research, do then become a prominent object in the plan: the possible site of our Saviour's Tomb may be denoted; and Siloa's brook, that flowed

Fast by the Oracle of God

will continue in the situation assigned for it by Christian writers of every sect and denomination, since the age of the Apostles, and earliest Fathers of the Church. ' p. 571-576.

This long citation will prove, that our author can describe, both with truth and with elegance, the scenes which he has visited. In some other instances, in which it is evident that his style is more ambitious, the effect, we think, has been less happy. We know not, however, how the following sentence, in the passage which we have quoted, has been received by the Doctors of Cambridge. Jerusalem now occupies one eminence alone, namely, that of Moriah, where the temple stood of old, and where, like a Phoenix that hath arisen from the ashes of its parent, the famous Mosque of Omar is now situated.' This is prettily said; and yet our orthodox feelings are a little disturbed, when we are reminded by a metaphor, that a Mahometan mosque could arise out of the ruins of the temple of Jehovah, as a Phoenix is fancied to arise out of the ashes of its parent. If his readers did not know the truth, and were not aware of the Doctor's orthodoxy, they might suspect that he meant to say, that one seat of superstition had arisen out of the ruins of another. We are well assured, that this could never have been his intention; and it was chiefly in order to prevent any such mistake, that we have taken notice of our author's ingenious, but rather ambiguous metaphor.

After the war which Dr Clarke had been waging with traditions at Jerusalem, we were a little surprised to find him giving implicit credit to the tradition concerning the Cave of the Nativity at Bethlehem. St Luke tells us, that the heavenly infant was laid in the manger (v r ), because there was no room for them in the inn. Christ, then, was probably born in a stable, and not in the cave which, according to Jerom, was consecrated to the worship of Adonis, or the Sun, in the time of Adrian.

Our author deserves more applause for endeavouring to dispel the darkness which has hung for so many ages over the natural phænomena of Judæa. The visionary tales, as false as they are extravagant, which have been told concerning the lake Asphaltites, would fill a volume. Dr Clarke has briefly, but conclusively, exposed their absurdity.

6

From Bethlehem our author proceeded by Rama to Joppa, or Japha; where, according to tradition (always tradition!) Noah built his ark. Pliny," says Dr Clarke, describes Joppa as older than the deluge.' Joppe Phoenicum, antiquior terrarum inundatione. Did Pliny mean the universal deluge as described in Genesis? We should think not.

Dr Clarke returned by sea from Joppa to Acre; and here his narrative closes. We have already extended this article to such a length, that we must be very brief while we speak of the general merits of the work before us, and while we make a few remarks upon its defects.

That Dr Clarke possesses qualifications which entitle him to the notice of the public, both as an observer, and as a writer, will scarcely be denied by those who have perused his former volume; and we are led to think, that his claims to attention will lose nothing by the appearance of that which we have been considering. It is not to be expected, however, that in a volume of seven hundred pages in quarto, there should not be many inequalities; and that faults, both in the manner and in the matter, should not occasionally meet the eye of the critic. Those authors are rare, who always say what is agreeable, or wise, and to whom we never fail to listen with instruction or delight. Dr Clarke possesses much general knowledge, which he employs without pedantry, and displays without ostentation; nor does he often fatigue attention, by dwelling too long, or too minutely, upon any subject. We have, indeed, seldom met with a traveller, whose descriptions are more lively, or who presents objects more distinctly to the mental eye; but we have sometimes also had to observe, and to censure, his want of method, the faults of his language, and the imperfections of his style. His pictures, it is true, are generally spirited compositionsfull of character and animation; and he paints with the ease and the rapidity, if not always with the skill and the grace, of a master. But (to continue the metaphor) his colouring is occasionally too gaudy-his lights too glaring-and his shadows too

dark.

ART. VII. An Historical Sketch of the Last Years of the Reign · of Gustavus the 4th, Adolphus, late King of Sweden, including a Narrative of the Causes, Progress, and Termination of the late Revolution: And an Appendix, containing Official Docu ments, Letters, and Minutes of Conversations between the late King and Lieut. Gen. Sir John Moore, Gen. Brune, &c. &c. Translated from the Swedish. 8vo. pp. 384. Cawthorn. London. 1812.

THI HIS is altogether a very singular work. It undoubtedly must be regarded as the defence of the party which dethroned the late King of Sweden; and there can be as little question. that it appears, if not under the patronage, at least by the connivance of the present government. Those for whom it professes to speak, and those who have permitted, and therefore approved of, its publication, are Royalists by profession, if not in principle. The former were at all times friends of the mo narchy and courtiers; the latter may be supposed to have something of the zeal of new converts-converts, too, who have adopted a faith singularly beneficial to themselves. Yet does this book abound in the very purest principles of resistance, urged in their most unpalateable form, because illustrated by recent examples. The following pages,' says its author, are principally addressed to the present times, in order to dissipate groundless prepossessions, and to prove, that the causes of the great events which they have witnessed, are not to be sought for in deep-laid and long-concerted plans, but in the. ⚫ criminal abuse of power and inordinate ambition.

It is entreated that the reader will determine with himself, ⚫ whether he consider it to be the duty of a King to prefer the welfare of his people to every other consideration, or the duty of the people to disregard the obvious interests of their country, and to sacrifice their lives and fortunes to the personal resentments of their monarch. Should any one be of the latter opinion, let him not peruse the following work: the sentiments which it contains must be to him unintelligible,-and we think it unnecessary to undertake to prove what no despot has yet • ventured openly to deny.' p. 3. & 4.

Now, we certainly are not of the latter opinion.' On the contrary, we consider the principle of resistance as the very corner-stone of free governments ;- -as that on which they are founded, and which keeps them standing. It requires to be kept, indeed, in its proper place. It is one of the more delicate topics of political discussion ;-it is, as Mr Fox was wont to say, a doctrine that ought to be preached rather to kings

than to their subjects; and for this reason, we should hold the task of defining lawful resistance, and specifying the cases to which it should be applied, to be one attended both with extreme difficulty, and much real mischief. But the general position may safely be maintained, that there are acts of the rulers which make resistance a duty. What those acts are, it would indeed be dangerous to settle by any general reasoning:But as often as cases occur which may be thought to justify resistance, there can be no harm in discussing them, with the view of ascertaining whether they do so or not. Now, the reign of the late King of Sweden has been supposed to furnish an example of this kind; and the real object of the work before us is to prove, by a detail of facts, that the conduct of that monarch called upon his subjects to depose him. Into this inquiry we may at the present moment safely enter. Like all sovereigns

who have ceased to be kings de facto, Gustavus has lost his admirers and followers ;-he is no longer the real opposer of Buonaparte, and the liberator of Europe.' The innumerable eyes which four years ago were turned towards him, cannot now discern whereabouts he has taken shelter ;—and instead of being ready to tear us in pieces for whispering any thing to his disadvantage, as all the monopolists of profitable loyalty would have been at that time, we doubt not they are now as careless as they are ignorant, whether he was justly or unjustifiably dethroned; and it is notorious, that they have long ago transferred their hopes and admiration to an upstart general of Buonaparte, who drove the magnanimous Hero of the North' from the kingdom of his ancestors.

There seems to be no reason for doubting the authenticity of this work. The publisher, we presume, has a copy of the original Swedish, and can prove it to have been published in Stockholm. He infers, from the state of the press there, that it must have come out under the auspices of the government whose defence it espouses,-though composed in language often very unlike that which might be expected from the court of an absolute monarch. The bulk of the facts contained in it, however, do by no means belong to the class of secret history: And the Appendix of original documents, which, it seems, in the original, was very large, contained, for the most part, papers which had publicly appeared in other countries, and is therefore reduced greatly in the translation. One fact is stated in the prefatory. advertisement, which must rest on the authority of the anony mous translator, or of his publisher, that the Act of Abdication, was composed by Gustavus IV. himself; and that the accounts of his interviews with General Moore and General Brane were corrected by his own hand. It is a statement of some moment,