The story, at any rate, helped no little to make Williams, in the eyes of the early settlers, "a bigger man than old Grant." In the days of the militia musters, and at the time of "the court balls," held at the close of each term of court, the old tavern shown in its brightest glories. For a year or so after the county seat was established at Coshocton, the courts were all held in Williams' house, and several of the earlier sermons at the Forks were preached in "Old Charley's bar-room. What the Forks were to a wide adjacent region, that "Old Charley's" tavern was to the Forks. Some of its features can still be seen in far western regions, but some are no longer found even in the pioneer tavern. For many of the settlers about the Forks, in its day, life would hardly have been worth living without the old tavern.

In what may be termed the second stage of settlement of the region about the Forks, there came to be very widely known a house of marked contrast with the old tavern, and no picture of the locality is complete without it. Less widely known, it yet is more deeply embalmed in the memories of the very many who did know it-residents, movers, traveling preachers, home-sick immigrants, fever-stricken settlers, unlettered children, and all that longed for heavenly light and rest. For year after year it was the "headquarters" of the godly, the ministers' "hold." The chief figure in that house was a woman. She came from the grand old Scotch-Irish stock, which, whatever glory is due unto another race for what was done in the outset of our career, or may yet be attained by possibly still another, it must now be admitted has furnished so immensely the brain and brawn whereby this great land has become what it is. Although for a number of years prior to coming to the Forks she had lived in Western Pennsylvania, she was herself an immigrant from Ireland, and thus knew the heart of a stranger. She had been reared in a family connection famed for its earnest piety and the large contribution of its sons to the ministry. She had experienced the griefs of widowhood, and had learned the care of a family. She came to the Forks with the children of her first marriage, as the wife of the leading "storekeeper" of the region. He also was from "the green isle," and had full proportion of the keen wit and strong sense characterizing his people generally. He was in full sympathy with her in her religious views, which were always tinged with the bright and loving blue of true Presbyterianism, and cheerfully supported by his means all her endeavors in the hospitable and charitable line.

And so she wrought, leaving imperishable marks,

and making her name-" Mother " Renfrew-to be still cherished in many a household at the Forks and far away. WM. E. HUNT.

Coshocton, O.

MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD IN AMERICA.

The first prominent attempt to shed light upon the early history of man, from his relation to the glacial period, was made by Sir Charles Lyell, in his epoch-making work upon the Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man,' published twenty-three years ago. In this work no less than seven chapters, occupying one hundred and sixty pages, were devoted to this branch of the subject. Within the past five or six years a great impulse has been given to this department of investigation, by various discoveries in North America. In 1872 Dr. C. C. Abbott, of Trenton, N. J., began to report palæolithic implements in the terrace gravel on the Delaware River, near his home. The accompanying cuts (taken from the sixth chapter of my 'Studies in Science and Religion') show the resemblance between the palæoliths found by Boucher de Perthes at Abbeville, France, and those found by Dr. Abbott at Trenton, N. J. The material from which these implements are made is different from that employed in France or Southern England, but the fashion of the implements is identical, and resembles, also, very closely that of stone implements recently found by Professor H. W. Haynes in Upper Egypt, showing, perhaps, the predominance of French fashions even at that early date.

Dr. Abbott's specimens, which now number many hundred, have, with few exceptions, gone to the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Mass., where anyone can see at a glance, at once the resemblance of his collection of palæoliths to those from the Old World, and the contrast between palæolithic implements and the ordinary Indian relics, with which all Americans are familiar. An additional interest attaching to the implements of paleolithic types, found by Dr. Abbott at Trenton, is that they alone were occasionally found many feet below the surface of the stratified gravel, of which the terrace at Trenton is composed. This fact gave

additional interest to Dr. Abbott's specimens, because of the precisely similar circumstances under which the palaeoliths were found in Northern France and Southern England.

PLATE I. The palaeolith here shown is natural size, and is No. 3034 of the Mortillet collection from Abbeville, France. The geological conditions under which this was found are very similar to those of the paleolith from Trenton, N. J.

In 1880 I was requested by the curator of the Peabody Museum, on account of some special experience I had had in the study of the glacial deposits of Eastern Massachusetts, to visit Trenton, so as to form an independent opinion of the age of the gravels in which these implements were found. This I arranged to do in November of the same year, in company

PLATE II.-This paleolith is shortened one inch in the cut, and is proportionally narrow, the original being 58 inches long and 8 wide. This is No. 19723 in Dr. Abbott's collection from Trenton, N. J. The Mortillet and Dr. Abbott's collections are both in the Archæological Museum in Cambridge, Mass., where these specimens can at any time be seen. No. 19723 is specially interesting, because Professor Putnam took it with his own hands out of Trenton gravel from behind a small boulder which was firmly embedded four feet below the surface of the soil. (See Proceedings of Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXI, p. 149.) For the geological condition, see Plate III; for a more detailed account, see 'Studies in Science and Religion,' Chapter VI.

with Professor Boyd Williams Dawkins, the highest authority in England upon these subjects; Professor Henry W. Haynes, of Boston, who had just returned from a thorough investigation of all localities in the Old World where palæoliths are found, and Professor H. Carvill Lewis, who was making a special study of the glacial deposits of the Delaware River for the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. A report of this visit may be found in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History' for January 19, 1881. The result was to settle beyond question the fact that the gravel in which Dr. Abbott's implements are found belongs to a deposit that was made at the close of the glacial period, thus showing that man was in America at that early date. From bones found in the same deposit it is evident, also, that the mastodon, the Bison, the Greenland reindeer and walrus were contemporaries with man in America, in contending with the Arctic rigors of the closing period of the glacial epoch. Thus the question of man's antiquity in America becomes identical with that of the antiquity of the closing part of the glacial period, and the Cleveland Historical Society was in the direct line of its work, in the invaluable encouragement which it rendered me in the prosecution of my glacial inquiries in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana during the summers of '82 and '83.

Briefly stated, with reference to their bearing upon this subject, the results of my investigations up to date are as follows:

The exact boundary of the glaciated area has been traced from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, as shown in the accompanying maps of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. The whole region north of that boundary line is covered with glacial débris, and the preglacial conditions are largely obliterated by the direct and indirect action of the ice that pushed down over the area. The whole region is covered, to an average depth of fifty or sixty feet, with material that was ground up by the moving ice, and transported some distance to the south; and granite boulders from Northern Canada are spread over the whole region. But archæologists are specially interested in the extensive gravel deposits lining the banks of all the streams which rise in the glaciated region and flow southward into an unglaciated section of the country, for these are the deposits corresponding in character and age to those in which palæolithic implements have been found in New Jersey and Western Europe; and now that attention is directed to the subject, we are beginning already to obtain some interesting results from local observers. Palæolithic imple