sonditions for his army and the citizens in York and Gloucester, who had joined the British standard, now perceived that further delay would be hazardous, and the surrender was made on the following terms:

1st. That the British land and naval forces at York and Gloucester, surrender themselves respectively to the combined forces of America and France. 2d. That the artillery, arms and stores of every description, be delivered, unimpaired to officers appointed to receieve them. 3d. That the two redoubts on the left flank of York, be delivered up at twelve o'clock, the one to a detachment of the American army, the other to a detachment of the French grenadiers. The garrison of York to march out at 2 o'clock, to a place appointed in front of the posts, with shouldered arms, colours cased, and drums beating a British or German march, there to ground their arms, and return to their encampment, until despatched to the places of their destination. The same to be done at 3 o'clock, with the garrison of Gloucester. 4th. Officers to retain their side arms and private property of every kind, with the exception of such as obviously belongs to the inhabitants of the United States. 5th. The soldiers to be kept in Virginia, Maryland or Pennsylvania, and supplied with the same rations as are allowed to the soldiers of the United States. To be kept as much as possible in regiments, and a suitable number of field officers to reside near thein on parole, with permission to visit them frequently, and examine into their treatment. 6th. The British general and his staff, and other officers, civil and military, who desire it, to be permitted to go on parole to Europe, New-York, or any other place in possession of the British, at their option; proper vessels to be furnished by the Count de Grasse for this purpose, and passports to go by land to be given to those for whom vessels cannot be furnished. 7th. The officers to be allowed to keep soldiers as servants, and the servants not soldiers not to be considered as prisoners. 8th. The Bonetta sloop of war, with her present equipment and crew, to be left at the disposal of the British general, to carry such soldiers as he may think proper to send, and despatches to Sir Henry Clinton; to be permitted to sail without examination, and to be afterwards delivered to the order of the Count de Grasse; the soldiers and crew to be accounted for. 9th. Traders to be considered as prisoners of war on parole, and allowed to dispose of their property, giving to the allied armies the right of preemption. 10th. In this article Cornwallis required that the inhabitants of different parts of the country then in York and Gloucester, should not be punished for having joined the British army; but it was objected to by Washington, as belonging altogether to the civil department, for whom he would make no stipulation. The 11th and 12th articles related to the sick, who were to be supplied with hospital stores at the expense of the British, and attended by their own surgeons. 13th. The shipping and boats in the two harbours, with all their stores, guns, tackling, and apparel, to be delivered up to an officer of the navy appointed to take possession of them. And lastly, no article of the capitulation to be infringed on pretence of reprisals.

These articles being mutually signed and ratified, General Lineoln was appointed by the commander in chief to receive the submission of the royal army. Cornwallis, unable to bear up against the humiliation of marching at the head of his garrison, constituted. General O'Hara his representative, and the conquered army moved in silence through the columns of French and American soldiers, drawn up on each side of the road. On the other side of the river, Lieutenant-Colonel Dundas had been transferred to York during the last movements of the troops, and the command had devolved on

Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton. This officer, conscious of the many causes he had given to the inhabitanis of the United States to detest his character, and to inspire correspondent feelings of revenge, waited upon the French General de Choise, previous to his surrender, and expressing apprehensions for his personal safety, requested that he might not be placed at the disposal of the American militia. This request, though founded upon idle fears, or what is worse, a desire to throw a stigma upon the American character, was readily granted; and the Duke de Lauzun and Lieutenant-Colonel Mercer were selected, with their respective corps, to receive the submission of Tarleton's garrison.

Thus was this siege happily brought to a conclusion, and a second British army, whose march through a wide extent of country, had been every where traced by ruin and devastation, brought to submit to American prowess. The number of men which surrendered to Washington, amounted in the whole to 7107, but more than 3000 of these are said to have been unfit for duty; the combined army appears to have been 16,000 strong, 7000 of whom were French. Thus Cornwallis was far from losing any part of the great reputation which his repeated successes had gained him, by surrendering to a force so greatly superior; he had done all that could be done under circumstances of so much embarrassment, and it is not hazarding too much to say, that if he had been left to his own discretion, his army would have been saved, or his own life offered a sacrifice to the enterprise of his genius. A second elegant park of field artil lery, entirely of brass, came into our possession at this surrender. This, together with every thing appertaining to the army, fell to the Americans in the distribution, while the shipping and its concerns, became the property of our brave allies. During the siege about 300 of the combined army were killed and wounded, and on the part of the British upwards of 500.

The officers particularly distinguished by the commander in chief, for their zeal, activity and valour, on this occasion, were the Count de Rochambeau, Generals Chatelleux and Viomenil, of the French, and Generals Lincoln, La Fayette and Steuben of the American army. General Knox who commanded the artillery, and General Du Portail, chief engineer, were also mentioned in terms of signal respect. Lieutenant Colonels Hamilton and Laurens, gained imperishable honours for the intrepidity displayed in storming the redoubt on the 14th.

Nothing could exceed the universal joy at this great and import

ant event."*

"For some months previous to the capture of Cornwallis, and while his army was traversing the states of the Carolinas and Virginia, he was opposed by the Marquis de la Fayette with an inferior force. His Lordship having received a reinforcement, was so confident of

*Allen's Revolution, vol. ii. p. 461-9..

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success against his opponent, that he unguardedly wrote in a letter, which was afterwards intercepted, "the boy cannot escape me;" but he was disappointed in his sanguine expectations. Comwallis at one time formed a plan to surprise the Marquis while on the same side of James River with himself, but the attempt was prevented by the following incident. The Marquis, unapprised of the particular situation of his opponent, contrived to send into his camp, a spy to obtain intelligence. A soldier belonging to New-Jersey, by the name of Charles Morgan, generally called Charley, agreed to undertake this hazardous service; but insisted that, in case he should be discovered and hanged, the Marquis, to secure his reputation, should have it inserted in the New-Jersey paper, that he was em ployed in the service of his commander. Having reached the royal camp, he was soon introduced into his Lordship's presence, who inquired the reason of his deserting. Charley replied, “ that he had been in the continental service from the beginning, and while under Washington, he was well satisfied; but being now commanded by a Frenchman, he was displeased with it, and had quitted the service." His Lordship commended and rewarded him for his conduct, and Charley soon commenced the double duty of soldier under the English commander, and a spy in the employment of the Mar quis, without suspicion. Lord Cornwallis, while in conversation with several of his officers, inquired of Charley, how long a time it would take for the Marquis to cross James River? Pausing a moment, he replied, "three hours, my Lord." His Lordship exclaimed, "three hours! it will take three days." "No, my Lord," said Charley, “the Marquis has such a number of boats, and each boat will carry so many men; if you will please to calculate, you will find he can pass in three hours." His Lordship turning to the officers, said, "the scheme will not do." After having obtained the information required, Morgan began to prepare for a return to the Marquis, and he prevailed with several British soldiers to desert with him. When challenged by the sentinels, he artfully tampered with them by giving them rum. and while drinking he seized their arms and then cempelled them to go; and this brave fellow actually brought off seven deserters to our camp. On his return to head quarters, the Marquis accosted him with "well Charley, have you got back?" "Yes, please your Excellency, and have brought seven men with me." Having communicated his information, the Marquis offered to reward him, but he declined receiving money, and when it was proposed to promote him to a corporal or sergeant, he replied, "I have ability to discharge the duties of a common soldier, and my character stands fair; but should I be promoted, I may fail, and lose my reputation."*

"General Washington, on the very joyful occasion of the capture of Cornwallis, ordered, that those, who were under arrest, should be

*Thacher's Journal, p. 359.

pardoned and set at liberty; and closed his orders in the following pious and impressive manner: "Divine service shall be performed to-morrow in the different brigades and divisions. The commander in chief recommends, that all the troops that are not upon duty do assist at it with a serious deportment, and that sensibility of heart, which the recollection of the suprising and particular interposition of divine Providence in our favour claims." Congress resolved to go in solemn procession to the Dutch Lutheran Church, to return thanks to Almighty God for crowning the allied arms with success; and issued a proclamation, appointing the thirteenth day of December" as a day of general thanksgiving and prayer, on account of this signal interposition of divine Providence."

The capture of Lord Cornwallis may be considered as the closing scene of the revolutionary war. Events of less magnitude, that occurred in the course of the year, require less detail. On the night of the first of January, a mutiny broke out in the Pennsylvania line of the continental army, and soon became so universal in the line of that state, as to defy all opposition. A destitution of pay and of suitable clothing was the cause of the mutiny. Congress sent a committee of their body to procure an accommodation. The com plaints of the soldiers, being founded in justice, were redressed; and the revolt was completely quelled. A part of the Jersey troops soon after revolted; but by prudent and vigorous measures this revolt was seasonably suppressed.

Benedict Arnold, who, after his treachery to his country, had been appointed a brigadier-general in the royal army, made a descent on Virginia in January, with about fifteen hundred men, and committed extensive ravages on the unprotected coasts of that state.*

While the combined armies were advancing to the siege of Yorktown, General Arnold, who had lately returned from Virginia, was appointed to conduct an expedition against New-London. The troops, employed in this service, were landed on each side of the harbour in two detachments; the one commanded by LieutenantColonel Eyre, and the other by General Arnold. New-London is a seaport town, situated near the mouth of the Thames, and on the west side of that river. For the defence of the place, there had been constructed below the town, and on the western side of the harbour, a fort, called Fort Trumbull, with a redoubt; and opposite to it, on Groton Hill, another fort, called Fort Griswold, a strong square for tification, insufficiently garrisoned. Fort Trumbull, the redoubt, and the town of New-London, being totally untenable, were evacuated on the approach of Arnold, who took possession of them with inconsiderable loss. Fort Griswold was defended by Colonel Ledyard with a garrison of about one hundred and sixty men, some of whom had just evacuated the works on the opposite side of the

*Arnold landed his men about fifteen miles below Richmond, and marched into that town on the 5th of January. The public stores and buildings there, and many stores, mills, and vessels in other places, were taken or destroyed.

river. On the rejection of a summons to surrender, the British marched up to the assault on three sides; and, though the ascent was steep, and a continued fire was directed against them, they at length made a lodgment on the ditch and fraized work, and entered the embrazures with charged bayonets. An officer of the conquering troops, on entering the fort, asked who commanded. "I did," answered Colonel Ledyard, "but you do now," and presented him his sword, which was instantly plunged into his own bosom. Although resistance had now ceased, yet, to the indelible infamy of the conquerors, they commenced a merciless slaughter, which "was kept up until the greater part of the garrison was killed or wounded." The town of New-London, and the storês contained in it, were reduced to ashes; and General Arnold, having completed the object of the expedition, returned in eight days to New-York."*

The military operations of the year 1782 present little more than a few skirmishes, and predatory excursions, and these were principally confined to the states of South Carolina and Georgia, in which the enemy still maintained a few trifling posts.

"Nothing had occurred north of the Potomac, to interrupt the tranquillity of the year 1782, save only the wanton and atrocious execution of a Captain Huddy, of Jersey. It will be recollected that an association of refugees had been formed in New-York, under the auspices of Sir Henry Clinton, calling themselves the associated board of loyalists, by whom depredations and enormities had been committed against their defenceless countrymen, which far outstripped in number and atrocity, the most vindictive cruelties of any other portion of the enemy. The prospect of peace, which filled the breasts of every other class of people in our country, both friends and foes, with joyous anticipations, was to them the harbinger of despair. Disappointed in all their sanguine expectations of arresting the rebellion of their countrymen, and conscious that their conduct had excluded them from all claim to mercy at their hands, they saw in the defeat of their ministerial friends, the ruin of their own hopes, and in the desperation of their feelings, they resolved upon plunging into still deeper atrocities, and adding still more deadly injuries to the provocations already given to their countrymen. In this vindictive spirit a party of the loyalists under the direction of a Captain Lippincott, marched over to Jersey, and on Sunday, the 24th of March, attacked the block-house on Tom's River, commanded by Captain Joshua Huddy, who after a gallant defence was taken prisoner and carried to New-York, where he was kept in elose confinement until the 12th of April.

While he remained in custody, a man by the name of Philip White, was taken by a party of the Jersey people, and killed in attempting to make his escape from the guard. This served as a pretext for revenge, and Captain Huddy was immediately conveyed to

*Holmes' American Aunale, vol. ii. p. 459-61.