The peck loaf of England must weigh 1776. 6oz. tained of the accuracy of these experiments; but I for which about 14/6. of flour is usually employed; have none, as the wheat was manufactured in my the half-peck weighs 8b. 11oz; the quartern loaf own mill, and the bread made up and baked in my 4lb. 5oz. 8drs.—hence, in the usual way of sale, 56 own family. A third experiment was made (27th 9th mo.) with ounces of flour makes 69 oz. of bread; or 10lb. of four makes 12/6. of bread"-"51416. of flour, when 146. of flour, of quality No. 2, made up with 176. baked, produced 672lb. of household bread, or at the 7oz. of yeast, and the requisite quantity of water. rate of 30 per cent. beyond the weight of the flour" The result was 194/bs. of bread when cool-which "this is at the rate of 13%, of bread to 10lb. of is an advance of 41b. 2oz. per cent. In experiments flour. I presume this bread was weighed warm." No. 1 and 2, the yeast was not weighed, supposing "According to lord Sheffield, the general calcula- the measure used would contain (being a milk pint) tion is, that a Winchester bushel of wheat, weighing no more than 1/6. but on weighing a like quantity, 601b. will produce 5416 of meal, 546. of bran, and in experiment No. 3, the result was as above stated b. of water; that this 54lb. of meal will make 681b. [1lb. 7oz.*] being that kind of rising called here of bread. This is at the rate of 134b. of bread to "sotts," a Dutch term, I presume. This difference 10%. of flour." "It appeared from the examination in the weight of the yeast will make a correspondent of the bakers, about the period of the scarcity in difference in the results of No. 1 and 2, and will England, that American flour, weight for weight, be accounted for hereafter. 10th mo. 6th.-A fourth experiment was made with produced rather more bread than the best English Hour"-"Hence, I conclude, that 10lb. of Ameri- 14lb. of flour, made from wheat of the present year can flour ought to make 13/6. of bread, if well ma- (1814) This flour was laid to rise with the usual quantity of "sotts" (1 pint) and mixed with two naged."-Emporium, vol. 5, page 277.* In order to ascertain whether he above trials and quarts of milk and half a pint of water: the proopinions would correspond with experiments made duct was 214lbs. of bread, weighed when warm under my own direction, I weighed 126 of flour, this is equal to 153th. 8oz. of bread to 100lbs. of which, being made up with 16. of yeast and 5 pints flour, or an advance of 531b. 8oz. per cent. an unexof milk, and baked in my own house, produced 17 pected result-in addition to which it is proper to pounds of bread, carefully weighed when nearly mention that, supposing this flour would prove cool. Two weeks after the above trial, I weighed similar to a previous baking of new flour (which 1415. of flour, which was, in like manner, made up was runny) a small portion of flour, supposed to be with 1lb. of yeast and 5 pints of milk-the bread equal in quantity to that employed in making the was weighed in a similar state with the first experiment, and produced 20lbs. of bread. The above trials were made in the 8th and 9th months (August and September) of the present year (1814.) The wheat from which the bread first mentioned was made was from the peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake bays, and of what would be called middling quality-the second parcel of bread was made from flour of New-Jersey wheat, of a superior quality, well cleaned. Both parcels of wheat were of the harvest of 1813. The product of the first quantity of flour (12lb.) is at the rate of 145lb. 13oz. to 100lb. of flour. "setts," was reserved to mix up in the morning with the dough, but as it was found unnecessary, it may, therefore, be safely calculated that 136, of flour produced the 21/6. of bread-which is an advance equivalent to 591b. 7oz. per cent. The wheat of which the above flour was made came from the peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake. 11th mo. 19th.-3lbs. of Indian meal were made into hasty pudding and laid to rise with 14/6. superfine flour, 1 pint of yeast and 5 pints of water-the product was 21lb. 4oz. of bread; increase, 25 per cent. The wheat of which the above flour was made was a mixture of the crops of 1813 and 1814, from the peninsula; the flour hot of good quality-the bread proved hard and unpleasant; whether owing to that cause or a want of milk in making it up, the product was much less than I expected. The second parcel (14b. of flour) produced at the rate of 1461b. 8oz. 4drs. to the 100lbs. of flour. The average of these two trials is an increase of 1st mo. 25th, 1815.-3lbs. of Indian meal was made 4616. Ooz. 13drs. per cent. which exceeds the British average by 50 per cent. Doubts may be enter-into hasty pudding, with 8 pints of water, and mixed up with 14lbs. of superfine flour, 2 pints of water *NOTE-The above observations of lord Sheffield, and i pint of yeast-the product was 23lbs. of bread; with respect to the product of wheat, do not accord an increase of 35 5-17 per cent. This wheat was of with the experience of millers in this neighborhood: the crop of 1814, quality tolerable-the grain from For, though our wheat probably contains less water the western shore of the Delaware. than the English wheat, in consequence of our cli- 9th me. 13th, 1816-Having a parcel of good wheat mate being less humid, yet the quantity of filth that in the mill from Virginia, of the crop of the present is brought to market in the American wheat, owing year, 14lbs. of the flour of that wheat was laid to to the common method of treading it out, and to rise with 1 pint of “sotts," and made into dough other circumstances, causes a loss of from 2 to 5lb. with six pints of water. The bread, when nearly per bushel, instead of of a pound, including wa-cool, weighed 19ŝibs. giving an increase of 41 per ter. The quantity of bran also (owing to like causes) cent. 11th mo. 9th-14lbs. of the flour of a good parcel is, on an average of the different qualities of wheat, nearer 9 pounds than 5. By the word meal it is pre-of Virginia wheat was laid to rise (last evening) sumed that lord Sheffield intended to include every quality of the flour; but in the United States vari *On measuring a pint of milk and weighing ous qualities of stuffs, superior to bran, are made it, (9th mo. 26th) it gave 1lb. 3oz.-the measure, from every parcel of wheat-viz. superfine, mid-such as is commonly made use of in this neighbordlings and ship stuff, for ship bread-and ship stuff hood. But, with respect to weights and measures, for horse-feed. The writer apprehends that the the community are pretty much in the state that British wheat is generally kiln-dried before it is Israel was when "every man did that which was manufactured; if that is the case it is probably much right in his own eyes," thanks to our congress, who drier than the American wheat when it comes into have it in their power to do a great good, by a judicious regulation of weights and measures. the hand of the miller to be ground. with 1 pint of "sotts" and made up this morning, with 6 pints of water; the bread was weighed when quite cool and proved to be 214lbs. The weight of the bread in this instance exceeds that of the last experiment; owing, perhaps, to the wheat having parted with a portion of its water, by two months drying, and from the bread having been weighed when quite cool. Speaking of the lately established societies " "The greatest enemy we have to fear at the present juncture is that drowsy indolence and stupid lethargy into which we are apt to fall after com 11th mo. 16th-14lbs. of flour was made up last evening with the usual quantity of yeast, and 7 pints of water-the product in bread, weighed when cool,mencing an enterprize apparently with some degree was 21lbs. The flour of Virginia wheat. 11th mo. 30th-4lbs. of flour was kneaded with 4lbs. of boiled potatoes, and 2-3 of a pint of yeast -the product was 7b. 13oz. bread. of spirit. We commence, with a boastful and noisy zeal, and continue a little while an enterprize of high and lofty promise, just far enough to shew that we are more than a match for our enemy to alarm him completely and to awaken all his stratagems-we then fall asleep on the very threshold of victory, and quietly suffer the unsleeping enemy to MILK WATER gain possession of our arms and to tie our bands. Afterwards when we feel the triumphant and in Same time-4lbs. of flour, of same quality, was made up with 1 1-3 pint of water, 2-3 of a pint of yeast-product 61b. 3oz of bread. Experiment No. 1-12/bs. of flour, 1b. 7oz. of yeast and 5 pints of milk, pro- lbs. oz. lbs. oz.sulting scourge, with anger and impotence, we duced an advance of, per cent. Experiment No. 2-14lbs. of flour, 16. 7oz. of yeast, and 54 pints of milkproduct, 20lbs. 8oz. of bread, which is equal to, per cent. 45 13 46 7 Average, milk mixture, per cent. 46 2 Experiment No. 3-14lbs. of flour, 1lb. 7oz. of yeast, and water--product, 19lbs. 12oz. of bread, which is, per cent. Experiment No. 4-14lbs. of flour, 176. Average, per cent. Experiment No. 7-14lbs. of flour, 16. 7oz. of "sotts," and 6 pints of water -product, 193lbs. of bread; an increase of, per cent. *53 8 41 2 kick, threaten and scold. If we can produce and keep up excitement enough to operate as a preven tive of this disgusting lethargy, we shall deserve well of our country." At a regular meeting of "the society of the state of Delaware for the promotion of American manufac tures," held in Wilmington on the 5th April, Mr. Isaac Briggs offered the following resolutions, which, being considered, were unanimously adopted. Resolved, as the opinion of this society, that the surplus produce of the industry of any nation, beyond the necessary wants of its own population, is the only sure foundation of its independence and wealth; and its only means of supporting the expences of its own government: That no nation can sell more of its surplus produce than other nations have an interest in buying—this interest will always be the measure of value-a greater or less quantity 25 00 may be exported, but the value received in return will be regulated by the interest of the buying na 30 2 tion. Resolved, That although the maxim be old and 35 5 familiar, it is true, that a nation which imports a greater value than it can export, must soon become 60 5 poor, distressed, in debt, and finally despicable. The debtor is generally, in a certain measure a slave to his creditor-and this is true of nations as well as of individuals. Labor is the foundation of wealth-and the nation which is wise enough to extend and multiply the objects of labor and to ap41 00 ply it properly, so that every condition in society may find the most suitable employment, will have the smallest portion of idle population, and of American Manufactures. course will, in its trade with other nations, ensure a balance in its favor, and plenty of specie, which The intelligent and indefatigable Mr. Isaac Briggs, is the conventional measure of value between nawho, perhaps, at least as well as any man in the U. tions, the basis of confidence in every other circuStates, understands the true operation of domestic lating medium, and the oil which enables the grand manufactures on the welfare of a country; whose political machine to perform its functions with an truth-directed pen is always followed by convic-easy, regular and prosperous motion. tion, though conversion may not succeed to the Resolved, That in our opinion, no maxim is more desired extent, through the trammels of preju. true than-"Let labor alone, and it will best regudice and the bustle and connections of business late itself”—but it is true only when its application -we are pleased to observe is still directing his is complete and universal; when partially and im efforts to the great concern of these establish- perfectly applied it is not true. If all nations would ments. If success does not crown his exertions to be useful, he certainly deserves it; and the friends of manufactures have reason to be proud of such a champion to advocate their cause. *I suspect some error in this experiment. faithfully adhere to this maxim, in their inter-national concerns, each nation might, not only safely do it, but would be unwise not to do it, internally. When the regulations of other nations affect partially, and derange our industry, it is a duty we owe to ourselves, by countervailing regulations, to 1 tem. restore harmony, health and vigor to our own sys-States a vast and increasing amount of fragments of Whenever our government protects us opinion and correct knowledge. Light is widely against foreign interference and foreign competi-spread and still spreading through every part of our tion, we will petition them to "let our labor alone." land, and through every occupation. It appears to Resolved, That as we believe, the preceding pro- us very important that measures should be taken, positions are clearly founded in truth, and that the without delay, to concentrate these opinions and this United States of America is on the verge of a crisis knowledge into one clear, distinct, loud and emphain which, if we do not avail ourselves of a prudent tic expression of the public will, addressed to conforesight, we shall be taught through extensive gress at their next session, accompanied with a body suffering that we must so far supply our own wants of facts, and remarks, so complete and so lucidly ar from our own internal labor, as to need no more ranged, as to dissipate doubt and enforce conviction. from foreign nations than they need from us. If we We apprehend that, as the cause is common to eveneed less, we shall have opened for ourselves a mine ry part of the nation, the measures proposed would receive their best form and direction in a convention of wealth, richer than those of Mexico and Peru. Resolved, That as the natural effect of free govern- of delegates from the several societies. Should you ment, there is so much good sense in the people of concur in the measure, and such a convention be the United States that they will not long remain formed, how soon would it be practicable for it to ignorant of their true interests-that the prejudices, meet at New-York or Philadelphia? If any thing is fabricated and circulated by self-interested men-to be done, in this way, that it ought to be commencsuch as that we wish to tax the great mass of our ed quickly is, we think, very obvious citizens employed in agriculture, to place in a hotbed, and make the fortunes of those engaged in manufactures-will be dissipated like morning mists before the sun. Yet the noblest birth requires aid, and infancy requires fostering care: Therefore Resolved, That this society will unite its efforts Signed by order and on behalf of the committee, Land Offices. with those of similar societies, who may concur in CIRCULAR TO THE REGISTERS OF THE LAND OFFICES OF THE UNITED STATES. General Land Office, April 29, 1817. SIR-You will receive, with this, several blank forms of a Meteorological Register, to which I beg leave to request your attention. the measure, to collect and embody a statistical account of our manufactures and of our industry generally, with such remarks and observations on political economy, as may bring the subject fully and effectually before congress at their next session, acThe United States have already established twencompanied by the emphatic voice of the people-a voice which, in our country, never speaks in vain: ty land-offices, viz: at Detroit, in Michigan; at WoosAnd that this society will appoint one or more de-ter, Steubenville, Marietta, Zanesville, Chilicothe, legates, to meet, in convention, at the city of Wash- and Cincinnati, in Ohio; at Jeffersonville, and Vinington, during the next session of congress, or at cennes, in Indiana; at Kaskaskia, Shawneetown, and any other time and place, such delegates as may be Edwardsville, in Illinois; at Saint Louis, in Missouri; at New-Orleans, Opelousas, and north of Red river, appointed by other similar societies. Resolved, That the president sign these resolu-in Louisiana; at Huntsville, Washington, Saint Stetions, attested by the secretaries; and that the cor- phens, in the territory lately acquired from the responding committee be and they are hereby re- Creeks, in the Mississippi territory. quested and enjoined to have printed five hundred copies, to communicate them to all similar societies of which they may have knowledge, and otherwise disseminate or dispose of the same, in such manner as they may deem most conducive to the objects of this society. E. I. DUPONT, Vice-President. SELLECK OSBORN, Secretary. CIRCULAR. Wilmington, Del. ) Apri! 17, 1817. The committee of correspondence of the Society of the state of Delaware for the promotion of American manufactures, having been enjoined to communicate the enclosed resolutions-in the fulfilment of that duty, respectfully offer them to your consideration, together with the following remarks. These offices are dispersed over a space of about thirteen degrees of latitude and ten of longitude,* The three columns for temperature, winds, and weather, are ruled for three daily observations of each, viz. in the morning, at 2 P. M. and in the evening. The column entitled miscellaneous observations is intended to comprehend a variety of objects, among which are the following, viz: 1. The time of the unfolding of the leaves of plants. 2. The time of flowering. 3. The migration of birds, whether from the north or south, particularly of swallows. 4. The migration of shes, whether to or from the ocean, or other places and the time of their deposi tion of spawn. 5. The hybernation of other animals, the time of their going into winter quarters, and their re-appearance in the spring. 6. The phænomena of unusual rains and inundations. 7. The phænomena of unusually severe droughts. The history of locusts and other insects in unusual numbers. The subject of internal economy has become very interesting to the people of the United States. Our embarrassments already make us feel; and we shall feel more and more. This feeling while it awakens attention, should excite enquiry into the causes of our distress, until we are impelled to seek remedies for past, and, taught by experience, to establish preNo class of ventive guards against future errors. people in our country is more deeply concerned in these inquiries than the cultivators of the soil; and although the evil may reach them later than their *"Longitude"-extending from the great northern less favored brethren, the manufacturers, yet the calamity will finally be felt pressing on them, with lakes to the gulf of Mexico, and including the river a certain and destructive weight, and crushing down Mississippi, with the Ohio, Missouri, Tennessee, Rei their energies. There exists already in the United friver, &c. 8. Remarkable effect of lightning. 9. Snow storms, hail-storms, hurricanes, and tornadoes-their courses, extent and duration. = 10. All facts concerning earthquakes and subter-¡ For building piers in the Delaware at Chesranean changes. ter, 11. Concerning epidemic and epizootic distem- Improving the navigation of Big Mahoning creek. pers. 13 Discoveries relative to the antiquities of the country. 14. Memorable facts as to the topography of the country. A notice of any, or all, of the above articles will be highly acceptable. I wish you to transmit your observations monthly, with your monthly official returns. Whatever information may be thus obtained will be public property. My only object being the increase of our physical knowledge of our country, I flatter myself you will not think my request unreasonable. I have the honor to be, very respectfully yours, To the register of the land office at the town of Conemaugh, Road from the north line of the state, in Road from Blair's Gap to the Western boun- State road from Franklin county line to top Road from Carlisle to Littleton, between Road from Strasburg to the top of the se- Road from Indiana to Pittsburg. Total, 8,000 800 1,000 200 1,500 1,500 3,000 2,000 3,000 500 500 400 1,600 200 500 2,000 1,000 600 1,500 2,000, 300 and Ireland appropriated to the interest of loans charged on for the national debt, up to the 5th January, 1817:: them, are included under the head of war taxes, to Total amount purchased for G. Britain the quarter ending the 5th of July, 1816, inclusive, Funded debt of G. Britain in perpetual re from which period the war duties of customs, (being made perpetual by act 56, Geo. III. cap. 29) are included under the head of consolidated cus toms. In account of the number of vessels, with the amount of their tonnage, and the number of men and boys usually employed in navigating the same, which belonged to the several ports of the British empire on the 30th of September, 1816; distinguishing Great Britain, Ireland and the British plantations in America and the West Indies. England, Men and boys, Ships. Tonnage. usually employed. 17,442 2,152,968 134,060 2,958 263,536 18,775 Ireland, 1,178 63,229 5,681 Plantations, 3,775 279,643 16,859 Guernsey, Jersey, 65 7,237 Isle of Man, 369 9,335 494 636 2,315 Treatment of Napoleon Bonaparte. Letter, by order of the emperor Napoleon, addressed by general count Montholen, to sir Hudson Lowe, British governor of the island of St. Helena. GENERAL-I have received the treaty of the 3d of August, 1815, concluded between his Britannic majesty, the emperor of Austria, the emperor of Russia, and the king of Prussia, which accompa nied your letter of the 23d of July. The emperor Napoleon protests against the contents of that treaty; he is not the prisoner of England. After having placed his abdication in the hands of the representatives of the nation for the advantage of the constitution adopted by the French people, and in favor of his son, he repaired voluntarily and freely to England, with the view of living there, as a private individual, under the protection of the British laws. The violation of every law cannot constitute a right. The person of the emperor Napolion is actually in the power of England, but he neither has been, nor is, in the power of Austria, Russia and Prussia, either in fact or of right, even according to the laws and customs of England, which never included, in the exchange of prisoners, Russians, Prussians, Austrians, Spaniards, or Portuguese, though united to these powers by treaties of alliance and making war conjointly with them. The convention of the second of August, concluded fifteen days after the emperor was in England cannot have a right of any effect. It exhibits only a spectacle of the coalition of the four greatest powTotal ers of Europe for the oppression of a single man!—a Exports. coalition which the opinion of every nation and al! £ the principles of sound morality equally disavow. 24,446,849 The emperors of Austria and Russia, and the king 19,676,685 of Prussia, having neither in fact or in right any 25,111,445 claim over the person of the emperor Napoleon, 24,847,339 could decide nothing respecting him. 28,026,068 Had the emperor Napoleon been in the power of 32,409,671 Had the person of the emperor Napoleon been in The records of this year destroyed by fire. recollected the ties of friendship contracted at Til- Custom-house, London, 13th March, 1817. National debt-Capital stock purchased by or transferred to the commissioners for the reduction He would have recollected the conduct of the emperor Napoleon the day after the battle of Austerlitz, when, though he could have made him with, the wreck of his army, prisoner, he contented himself with taking his parole, and allowing him to ope.. rate his retreat. He would have recollected the dangers to which the emperor Napoleon personally exposed himself in order to extinguish the fire at Moscow, and to preserve that capital for him—as |