material, which was probably laid down by the river while the lake stood at its highest level.

All the other streams that entered Lake Maumee were very small, and their delta deposits have been largely removed by later streams. Lake bed between shore lines of glacial Lake Maumee and those of glacial Lake Whittlesey.-In the Berea quadrangle the portion of the bed between the shore lines of Lake Maumee and those of Lake Whittlesey is composed almost entirely of stiff clay, which seems to have been formed partly from till and partly from the underlying shale which was cut into by the lake. There is some sandy loam in the part traversed by the preglacial Rocky River.

In the Cleveland and Euclid quadrangles the space between the Maumee and Whittlesey shore lines is very narrow, and from the eastern part of the Cleveland quadrangle northeastward it is occupied nearly everywhere by an outcrop of shale. On the border of the Cuyahoga Valley and eastward to the border of the uplands the space between the shore lines is filled in with clayey material instead of sand and gravel. The deposits of clay, sand, and gravel are indicated on the geologic map.

Shore of glacial Lake Arkona.-The next lake stage after the higher Lake Maumee is termed Lake Arkona, from a town in Ontario where it was first studied. This lake as a whole, because of a recession of the ice border to the northeast, covered a much larger area than Lake Maumee, though at a lower level, about 710 feet above sea level, but it was cut 15 feet lower during the life of Lake Arkona. In consequence of this lowering the Arkona beach is separated into two or three ridges differing slightly in altitude, the highest being at about 710 feet and the lowest a little below 700 feet. The lower beaches in the Erie Basin were to a great extent washed away when the water later rose to a higher level. Where they are of exceptionally coarse material they are best preserved. Elsewhere their positions are identifiable by the occurrence of more sandy and gravelly soil along the lines that they occupied than on the bordering areas. When the rising lake washed these ridges it removed the fine material and flattened them but did not scatter all the coarse material.

In the Cleveland district the waters of Lake Arkona probably did most of the cutting of the steep bluff along Middle Ridge, in the Berea quadrangle. The base of this ridge is near the 710-foot contour. The ridge has had a similar history to that of Butternut Ridge, the lake cliff having been cut by a low stage of water and the gravel deposits on the face and top laid down later by a higher stage of water, that of Lake Whittlesey. This bluff is conspicuous for its entire course across the Berea quadrangle and to the border of Big Creek Valley in the western part of the Cleveland quadrangle. The shore line of Lake Arkona crosses to the south side of Big Creek Valley at

Brookside Park. Thence it runs eastward to the Cuyahoga Valley about at the line between Brooklyn and Independence Townships. East of the Cuyahoga it extends to the foot of the slope below the Lake Whittlesey beach, from the Cuyahoga bluff northeastward past Burk Branch and Morgan Run and northward close to the 700-foot contour in the Cleveland and Euclid quadrangles.

Work of Cuyahoga River at time of glacial Lake Arkona.-The Cuyahoga River seems to have cut its valley down to about 700 feet in the vicinity of Willow at the time of Lake Arkona and to have deposited gravel beds, now exposed in pits west of the Brecksville Road and where the Schaaf Road rises from the Cuyahoga Valley west of Willow. These gravel deposits are covered in both places by a few feet of clay, which was probably laid down when the lake rose to the Lake Whittlesey level. On the east side of the Cuyahoga is a narrow strip of gravelly land that barely reaches the 700-foot contour. lies along the Independence Road south of the end of the Whittlesey beach. All these deposits of gravel are close to the place where the Cuyahoga came into Lake Arkona and are better preserved than the few deposits made farther up the valley at a level correlative with Lake Arkona.

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Shore of glacial Lake Whittlesey.-Lake Whittlesey, named in honor of Col. Charles Whittlesey, a former resident of Cleveland, was the successor of Lake Arkona. There is a heavy bed of sandstone at the head of the outlet, near Ubly, Mich., which resisted erosion and thus held the lake at a constant level. This condition tended to produce a shore line of exceptional regularity and strength.

In the Cleveland area the Whittlesey shore line enters the Berea quadrangle from the west at the electric railroad. It is known as Middle Ridge and takes a northeastward course past Bement and Dover to Rockport, on the bank of the Rocky River. In places there are two or three parallel gravel ridges, as in the section southwest of Dover, but generally there is a single strong ridge. Where this beach is exceptionally strong it reaches an altitude of 740 feet, but it seems to mark a lake level at about 735 feet.

On the east side of the Rocky River there is a gravelly ridge for about a mile, but for the next 2 miles eastward, to the crossing of the New York Central Railroad, there is a lake cliff cut in the shale. There are scarcely any gravel deposits in this interval. From the New York Central Railroad crossing the beach bears southeastward and crosses Lorain Avenue at the west end of Dennison Avenue. It follows Dennison Avenue southeastward into the Cleveland quadrangle, a distance of about 2 miles. This part is a conspicuous gravel bar standing about 20 feet above the plains on each side. It ends at

Taylor, F. B., Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 8, p. 39, 1897.

the north bluff of Big Creek, about 2 miles west of the Cuyahoga River.

The Whittlesey shore sets in on the south side of Big Creek in Brookside Park and runs southeastward through Brooklyn and along the north side of the Schaaf Road about to the line of Independence Township. It then follows the Schaaf Road to the place where the road descends to the Cuyahoga Valley at Willow, having in much of its course a conspicuous ridge of sandy gravel.

On the east side of the Cuyahoga River the Whittlesey shore is represented by two ridges, one of which follows closely the west bluff of Mill Creek for about a mile and then continues northward along the Brecksville Road into the city of Cleveland. The other ridge sets in at the Independence Road about a mile south of Harvard Avenue and takes a northeastward course, coming to Harvard Avenue where it touches the south bluff of Burk Branch. The space between these two ridges is a clayey plain nearly a mile wide at the southwest but narrowing to about a quarter of a mile at Burk Branch. On the north side of Burk Branch there is a single ridge between that stream and Morgan Run. Thence the beach takes a northward course and comes to Kingsbury Run near the place where the Pennsylvania Railroad crosses the stream. North of Kingsbury Run the Whittlesey beach runs along the base of a shale bluff in the northern part of the Cleveland quadrangle and throughout its course in the Euclid quadrangle, there being very few places in which gravelly or sandy deposits are present. There is a notch in the cliff, which with a terrace in front of it is thought to mark the amount of work done by the lake in excavating the shale. The contours on the map show that the space between the 720-foot and 740-foot contours is generally somewhat wider than that between the contours higher up on the face of the bluff. This difference in space is the measure of the width of the terrace formed by the encroachment of the lake on the bluff.

Work of Cuyahoga River at the glacial Lake Whittlesey stage.-Along the Cuyahoga Valley there are several conspicuous remnants of the river bed occupied during the time of Lake Whittlesey. A prominent flat-topped area that extends well out toward the river near Thornburg carries a deposit of river rubble. The highest part of it is 740 feet above sea level. Other remnants lie on each side of Tinkers Creek and from Brecksville station north for about 11⁄2 miles. There appears to have been very little descent in the Cuyahoga from Brecksville station northward, so the deposits just mentioned are the result of the filling of a pool that extended up the river beyond the limits of the open lake. The valley had been cut down in Arkona time to a level so much lower than that of Lake Whittlesey that the rise of the water to the Whittlesey level naturally produced slack water some distance up the valley, probably as far as Brecksville station. Delta

like filling of a pool on a stream where it entered Lake Whittlesey is common, especially on the streams of southeastern Michigan.

Whatever deposits were laid down by the Rocky River at the time of Lake Whittlesey seem to have been largely removed by subsequent erosion, so the work of that stream during this time is not easy to point out. The same is true of the smaller tributaries of Lake Whittlesey in the Cleveland area.

Lake bed between the Arkona-Whittlesey shore and the glacial Lake Warren shore.-In the Berea quadrangle the space between the Arkona-Whittlesey and Warren shores is about 3 miles wide at the western edge but becomes narrowed to about a mile at Dover, and it holds about this width to the Rocky River. The soil in this area is a heavy clay from the west side of the Berea quadrangle eastward to a line within 2 miles of the Rocky River, and shale is found very close to the surface. In the 2 miles adjacent to the Rocky River, which was traversed by the preglacial river valley, the drift deposits are thick, and the soil is of much looser texture, ranging from sandy loam to finer material.

East of the Rocky River the space between the Arkona-Whittlesey and Lake Warren shore lines is less than half a mile wide in most places, and the soil is heavy clay, with shale at slight depth, as far east as the west edge of the Cleveland quadrangle. In the Cleveland quadrangle there is a much wider space between these shores than in the district on the west, its width being as much as 5 miles immediately east of the Cuyahoga River. This area was filled to a great depth with deposits of glacial and lake material. A considerable part of it has a clayey soil, and the underlying deposits are pebbleless clay to a considerable depth. This clay has been drawn upon extensively for the manufacture of brick and other clay products. In the Euclid quadrangle the Whittlesey and Warren shores lie very close together, with only a strip of nearly bare shale between them.

Shore of glacial Lake Wayne.-The altitude of glacial Lake Wayne where there has been no subsequent uplift of its shore lines was about 660 feet above sea level, or about 75 feet lower than its immediate predecessor, Lake Whittlesey.

In the Cleveland district the shore of Lake Wayne ran along the base of the beach that is followed by Detroit Road and Detroit Avenue across the Berea quadrangle and the part of the Cleveland quadrangle west of the Cuyahoga River. The lake cliff back of it rises abruptly to a height of about 20 feet and is largely cut in the shale. For 2 miles west of the Rocky River, however, it is cut in glacial deposits. It is also cut in glacial deposits from a point near the east edge of the Berea quadrangle eastward to the Cuyahoga River.

Immediately east of the Rocky River there is a somewhat distinct ridge of Warren shore that lies a short distance back from the top of

the lake cliff cut by Lake Wayne, but elsewhere the Warren beach is near the brow of the cliff cut by the waters of Lake Wayne all the way from the west side of the Berea quadrangle to the Cuyahoga River.

East of the Cuyahoga River the Lake Wayne shore crosses a sandy and gravelly deposit and lies a short distance north of Euclid Avenue along or near the 660-foot contour. From it there is a rise to the shore of Lake Warren that is followed by Euclid Avenue through nearly the whole interval from the Cuyahoga River to Doan Brook.

Gravel and sand extend but a short distance east of Doan Brook, and shale sets in near Lakeview Cemetery and extends northeastward across the Euclid quadrangle. The shore is cut into shale except for a short space near Euclid Creek, where there is some stony drift material. Because it lies close to the beach of Lake Warren, this shore line is commonly referred to as the product of that lake, but probably Lake Wayne did the major part of the cutting of the lake cliff that was later washed by Lake Warren. What has been taken to be a single shore line is really a compound one; part of it was formed by a lake that discharged to the Atlantic Ocean and part of it by a lake that discharged to the Gulf of Mexico, yet the level of the two lakes differed only 20 feet.

Work of Cuyahoga River at the time of glacial Lake Wayne.-It is probable that a large part of the sand and gravel bordering the Cuyahoga Valley at an altitude near that of Lake Wayne is due to the action of the stream while this lake was forming the shore line just described, and that when the water rose to the level of Lake Warren the river graded the delta about 20 feet higher. Many years ago the bones of an elephant were found at a depth of about 10 feet underneath the shore of Lake Warren in the central part of Cleveland.sa It is probable that the burial of the bones to this depth under deposits of gravel was due to the building up of the delta after the rise of the water from the level of Lake Wayne to that of Lake Warren.

Shore of glacial Lake Warren.-In the Cleveland area the shore of glacial Lake Warren followed North Ridge from the west side of the Berea quadrangle eastward to the Rocky River. This ridge is of gravelly constitution for about 3 miles in the western part of the quadrangle and for a short distance west from the Rocky River, but generally it is merely a cut in the shale or the till near the top of the lake cliff that had been previously cut by Lake Wayne. East of the Rocky River the cuts in the shale made by Lake Warren lie in places a quarter of a mile south of the lake cliff cut by Lake Wayne. In the eastern part of the Berea quadrangle the shore of Lake Warren is close to that of Lake Wayne, but on entering the Cleveland quadrangle the Warren shore takes on a double phase and is represented by gravel ridges. The outer ridge lies a short distance north of

Sa Hay, O. P., Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 322, p. 136, 1923.