Economic geology by F. R. Van Horn-Continued. Natural gas and petroleum-Continued. Petroleum. -- Effect of structure and of physical character of the sand on Index... ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE 1. Cliff of Chagrin shale near Euclid Creek, three-fourths of a mile 2. A, Shale bank of Cleveland Brick & Clay Co. near Cleveland; B, Quarry in "Euclid bluestone" at South Euclid... 3. Bedford shale in old quarry on Euclid Creek, 11⁄4 miles north 4. Bedford shale at type locality, Tinkers Creek, Bedford.... 5. Bedford shale 2 miles south-southeast of Brooklyn..................... 6. Ledges on Tinkers Creek just west of Pennsylvania Railroad 7. West contact of Berea sandstone on Bedford red shale in cut on Belt Line Railroad 2 miles southwest of Brooklyn.................. 8. A, Orangeville shale cliff about 50 feet high, on Brandywine 12. Glacial Lakes Whittlesey, Saginaw, and Chicago- 13. Glacial Lakes Warren and Chicago... 96 15. Glacial Lakes Algonquin and Iroquois, Lake Erie, and Cham- 17. A, Complex variation of gravel and sand in pit on Mill Creek 18. Successive positions of the ice border in Ohio and neighboring PLATE 22. A, B, Quarry at Berea, showing Sunbury shale overlying 23. A, Quarry at Berea, showing Sunbury shale overlying Berea FIGURE 1. Outline map of Ohio showing physiographic provinces---. 3. Generalized columnar section of the exposed rocks of the 4. Contac tof Berea sandstone on Bedford shale in railroad cut 5. Berea-Bedford contact in cut on the Belt Line Railroad 2 6. Sections across Cleveland quadrangle.... 7. Diagram illustrating east and west dips between Bedford and 8. Defiance moraine in Ohio.................. 9. Falling and rising stages of lake waters in the Erie Basin.... GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE CLEVELAND DISTRICT, OHIO By H. P. CUSHING, FRANK LEVERETT, and FRANK R. VAN HORN1 INTRODUCTION By H. P. CUSHING and FRANK LEVERETT GENERAL RELATIONS The Cleveland district, as described in this bulletin, lies in northeastern Ohio between the south shore of Lake Erie and parallel 41° 15' and between meridians 81° 30′ and 82°. It comprises the Berea, Cleveland, and Euclid quadrangles, which have an aggregate land area of about 503 square miles. Nearly the whole of Cuyahoga County and small parts of Lorain, Medina, and Summit Counties are included in it. The city of Cleveland lies along the shore of Lake Erie in the northern part of the district. Adjoining it are several large suburbs, such as lie near to most flourishing cities. Berea and Bedford are villages 10 and 11 miles, respectively, from the city hall of Cleveland. In its general geographic and geologic relations the area forms a part of the rather indefinite border zone in which the Appalachian Plateaus merge into the glaciated part of the Central Lowland, and it thus partakes somewhat of the character of both provinces, which are distinguished only by broad, general differences. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE REGION PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS Portions of two major physiographic divisions are included within the State of Ohio-the Appalachian Plateaus on the southeast and the Central Lowland on the northwest-each occupying about half the State. (See fig. 1.) The Appalachian Plateaus include the large areas of hill land of southern New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, West Virginia, and eastern Kentucky. In northeastern Ohio the hilltops in this division range from 1,100 to 1,400 feet above sea level. The plateau is terminated on the north by the Portage escarpment, which 1 Since the death of Professor Cushing, Prof. C. R. Stauffer has rendered valuable aid in mapping and Prof. J. E. Hyde has aided in the revision of the manuscript. Acknowledgment is also made for access to an unpublished manuscript on the Quaternary geology of the Cleveland district by Prof. Frank Carney. The description of the Quaternary here presented by Mr. Leverett is based on his own earlier and later studies. 1 |