198 31-32 Not a single sentence, etc.: cf. Partridge at the play (Tom Jones, bk. xvi, chap. 5). Addison is chiefly desirous to commend the excellence of Philips's play; Fielding, to commend the acting of Garrick. Addison considers Sir Roger's observations upon the play to be of the greatest value because they are "a piece of natural criticism"; Fielding, in like manner, tells us that Jones "expected to enjoy much entertainment in the criticisms of Partridge; from whom he expected the simple dictates of nature, unimproved indeed, but likewise unadulterated, by art." Just as Sir Roger artlessly commends the clearness of Philips, so Partridge comments upon the naturalness of Garrick's acting. "He the best player!' cries Partridge, with a contemptuous sneer: 'Why, I could act as well as he myself. I am sure, if I had seen a ghost, I should have looked in the very same manner, and done just as he did. And then, to be sure, in that scene, as you called it, between him and his mother, where you told me he acted so fine, why, Lord help me! any man, that is, any good man, that had such a mother, would have done exactly the same.'

1991 I suppose, etc.: naturally, because the third act had closed with the following speech from Andromache:

Come, my Cephisa, let us go together,

To the sad monument which I have rais'd

To Hector's shade; where in their sacred urn
The ashes of my hero lie enclos'd;
The dear remains, which I have sav'd from Troy;
There let me weep, there summon to my aid,
With pious rites, my Hector's awful shade;
Let him be witness to my doubts, my fears;

My agonizing heart, my flowing tears;
Oh! may he rise in pity from his tomb,

And fix his wretched son's uncertain doom.

1995 For Astyanax: who does not appear.

1999 Hermione's going off: act iv, about two thirds of the way through (Bell, p. 61):

Her. [to Pyrrhus.] Have I not lov'd you, then! perfidious man!
For you I slighted all the Grecian princes;

Forsook my father's house; conceal'd my wrongs,
When most provok'd: would not return to Sparta,
In hopes that time might fix your wavering heart,
I lov'd you when inconstant; and even now,
Inhuman king, that you pronounce my death,
My heart still doubts, if I should love, or hate you;
But, Oh, since you resolve to wed another,
Defer your cruel purpose till to-morrow!

That I may not be here to grace your triumph!
This is the last request I e'er shall make you
See if the barbarous prince vouchsafes an answer!
Go, then, to the lov'd Phrygian! Hence! Begone!
And bear to her those vows, that once were mine:
Go, in defiance to the avenging gods!
Begone! the priest expects you at the altar

But, tyrant, have a care I come not thither.

[Exit. Her.

199 20-21 The old fellow in whiskers: Phoenix, counsellor to Pyrrhus. Altogether he speaks about sixty-five lines.

199 23 Smoke: scent out, discover; cf. Guard. 49. 199 26 The account: early in act v (Bell, pp. 70-71):

Pyrrhus a-while oppos'd their clashing swords,

And dealt his fatal blows on ev'ry side

With manly fierceness; till opprest by numbers,
Streaming with blood, all over gash'd with wounds,

He reel'd, he groan'd, and at the altar fell.

199 29 Afterwards: towards the end of act v (Bell, pp. 75 ff.).
200 Motto: Ovid, Met., xv, 165–168:

From Seat to Seat the wandering Spirit strays,
From Man to Beast at certain times it roams,
Thence back to Man, its former Mansion, comes.

For the general scheme of this essay Addison may have been indebted to the Mamurrae, Parasitico-Sophistae, Metamorphosis and the Vita Gargilii Mamurrae, Parasitico-Paedagogi of Gilles Menage (1613-1692), whom Bayle calls the Varro of the seventeenth century. These pieces were published in Menage's Miscellanea, 1652. Social satirists of the Queen Anne period agree in ridiculing the absurd fondness of the fashionable lady for her monkey, parrot, or lapdog: cf. Pope's Rape of the Lock, ii, 155-158:

Then flashed the livid lightning from her eyes

And screams of horror rend th' affrighted skies.
Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast,
When husbands, or when lap-dogs breathe their last.

And again, ibid., iv, 119–120:

Sooner let earth, air, sea to chaos fall,

Men, monkeys, lap-dogs, parrots perish all!

Hogarth satirizes the fashion also: see the lapdog in his Marriage d la Mode, plate 2, and the monkey in Taste in High Life and in plate 2 of the Harlot's Progress.

200 13 Sir Paul Rycaut: History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire, bk. ii, chap. 26 (ed. London, 1686, p. 319), "Those who would appear of a compassionate and tender nature, hold it a pious work to buy a Bird from a Cage to give him his liberty." But, as Arnold notes, "this was from a principle of charity and benevolence, not on account of any opinion as to transmigration. On the other hand, in an earlier chapter [chap. 12, ed. 1686, pp. 251-252] Rycaut tells a curious story illustrating the belief in transmigration entertained by the Munasihi, a small Turkish sect. Addison's memory appears to have mixed up the contents of the two chapters together."

201 24 Brachman: Brahmin.

204 8 Jack-a-napes: see Greenough and Kittredge, Words and their Ways in English Speech, p. 387, n.

204 28 Shock-dog: shaggy-haired dog, shough.

205 Motto: Juvenal, Sat., i, 75: "To Crimes they owe their

Gardens."

205 8 Spring-garden: Vauxhall Gardens, originally New Spring Gardens in distinction from the older gardens at Charing Cross, was none too reputable a place. Pepys, who went there in 1668, thought the people "loose company . . . though full of wit," and the Restoration drama is full of passages which make one agree with the character in Vanbrugh's Provok'd Wife (1697) who says, "'Tis infallibly some intrigue that brings them to Spring-Garden." See Wheatley and Cunningham's London, III, 426 ff.; Boulton's The Amusements of Old London, chap. 7; Wroth's The London Pleasure Gardens of the Eighteenth Century, pp. 286 ff.; Austin Dobson's Eighteenth Century Vignettes, First Series.

205 17 Temple stairs: landing stairs on the bank of the Thames, within the Temple grounds. There is a picture of them in The Gentleman's Magazine for October, 1768.

206 2-3 At La Hogue: The original issue has "in Bantry Bay." The change would be agreeable to British readers: at Bantry Bay (1 May, 1689) the French fleet repulsed the English; at La Hogue (19 May, 1692) the English and Dutch under Russell defeated the French under Tourville, thus checking what threatened to be an invasion of England. Tatler 4 alludes to the battle of La Hogue.

206 17 The fifty new churches: In 1710 (9 Ann. cap. 22) was passed the "Act for granting to her Majesty several Duties upon Coals for building fifty new Churches in and about the cities of London and Westminster, and suburbs thereof, and other purposes therein mentioned." (Statutes at Large, iv, 470 ff.)

208 Motto: Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, i, 925-927:

The Muses' close Retreat I wander o'er,

Their unacquainted Solitudes explore,

At the Spring-head it charms me to be first,

And in the untainted Stream to quench my Thirst.

This paper is first in a series of which the other parts are Nos. 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, all by Addison; in No. 421 is a synopsis of the series. The original draft of the series, perhaps written as early as Addison's Oxford days, was discovered in 1858 and published in 1864. The following extract from this original draft corresponds to Spect. 411: ... [the beginning is lost] "prospect delights ye Soul as much as a Demonstration; and a description in Virgil has perhaps charm'd more readers, yn a Chapter in Aristotle. Besides, the pleasures of ye Imagination have ys advantage above those of ye Understanding, yt they are more obvious & more [easily] easy to be acquir'd. It is but opening ye eye, and ye scene enters; the colours paint ym selves on ye fancy without [any] much [in] attention of thought or application of mind in ye beholder. We are struck, we know not how, with ye symmetry of any thing we see, and immediately assent to ye beauty of an object without being able to give a reason for it. On this account [probably] [also, because ye pleasures of fancy are so great & require so little labour of ye brain, as well as because they excite agreeable motions in ye Animal Spirits,] Sr Francis Bacon in his essay upon Health has not thought it improper to prescribe to his reader a prospect or a description [among his other rules for Health;] where he particularly dissuades [his reader] him from knotty & subtile inquisitions, & advises him to pursue Studies, that fill ye mind with splendid & illustrious objects, as Histories, Fables, & Contemplations of Nature."

209 3 The Fancy and the Imagination: This distinction was dwelt upon by Akenside in his Pleasures of the Imagination, 1744, and especially by Coleridge (Biographia Literaria, 1817, chap. 4), and by Leigh Hunt (Imagination and Fancy, 1844).

211 1 Sir Francis Bacon: Of Regiment of Health: "As for the passions and studies of the mind, avoid envy, anxious fears, anger fretting inwards, subtile and knotty inquisitions, joys and exhilaration in excess, sadness not communicated. Entertain hopes, mirth rather than joy, variety of delights rather than surfeit of them; wonder and admiration, and therefore novelties; studies that fill the mind with splendid and illustrious objects; as histories, fables, and contemplations of nature."

211 Motto: Homer, Iliad, xxi, 195: “Vast is the Force of the deep rolling Sea."

211 14-15 Concerning the pleasures of the imagination, etc.: Spect. 411-421. The three sources are set forth in No. 412: "all [such pleasures] proceed from the sight of what is great, uncommon, or beautiful."

212 12 Longinus: On the Sublime, x. The passage in Homer is Iliad, xv, 624-628.

212 18 The following description: Psalm cvii, 23-30.

212 32 Virgil: in Æneid, i, 34 ff., for example, where a storm raised by Juno is stilled by Neptune.

213 9 A Gentleman: Addison himself.

215 Motto: Virgil, Æneid, vi, 878: "O Piety! and oh! the Faith of old!"

215 4-5 Sir Roger de Coverly is dead: Eustace Budgell, in his Bee, No. 1, started the tradition that "Mr. Addison was so fond of this character that a little before he laid down the Spectator (foreseeing that some nimble gentleman would catch up his pen the moment he quitted it) he said to an intimate friend, with a certain warmth in his expression which he was not often guilty of, ‘By God, I'll kill Sir Roger, that nobody else may murder him."" It has been conjectured that this decision arose chiefly from Addison's anger at Tickell's venturing in Spect. 410 to make Sir Roger ridiculous with the help of Will Honeycomb and a woman of the town. Remembering, however, that to its editors the end of the Spectator was now clearly in sight, it is probably safer to consider this essay as simply the first in the series which disposes one by one of the most important members of the Club.

217 29-30 The Act of Uniformity: Acts for securing uniformity in the conduct of public worship were passed in 1549 (3 and 4 Edward VI,