was received with all the marks of Grace and Favour by Her Majesty, and His Royal Highness, Prince George of Denmark,” and for the complimentary addresses from the Lord Keeper and from Parliament.

5 What the Muse recites: Among other poems on Marlborough's victory the chief was John Philips's Blenheim, 1705. Pseudo-Miltonic in style, it was politically a Tory poem. In addition may be mentioned John Dennis's Britannia Triumphans; or, a Poem on the Battel of Blenheim, John Dunton's The Blenheim Hero, and Nahum Tate's The Triumph, or Warriour's Welcome. There were also a number of Latin poems from the universities; several are collected in a volume called Plausus Musarum Oxoniensium, etc., Oxford, 1704.

17 Ausonia's states: Italy. Taine says of The Campaign (Histoire de la littérature anglaise, ed. Paris, 1863, III, 113): "Les pays y ont leur nom noble: l'Italie s'appelle l'Ausonie, la mer Noire s'appelle la mer Scythique."

25 Great Leopold: Leopold I (1640–1705), emperor 1658-1705.

37-38 Thy fav'rites, etc.: perfunctory and inaccurate: Marlborough's rise to power was in no small degree owing to his extremely cordial relations with the Duchess of Cleveland, on which see Jesse's Memoirs, I, 302, 337, and Chesterfield's Letters to his Son, No. 137. It is probable that he was also helped by the influence of his sister, who was the mistress of the Duke of York.

47 Soon as soft vernal breezes, etc.: On the 5th of May Marlborough set out from the Hague.

50 Crossing the provinces himself had won: In his Netherlands campaigns of 1702 and 1703, Marlborough had taken Kaiserswerth and Bonn on the Rhine and Roermonde, Liège, and Huy on the Meuse. Through this district he now proceeded, May 7-10, from Utrecht to Maestricht. (Coxe's Memoirs of... Marlborough, London, 1820, I, 324.) 52 War: army.

63 The stream: the Moselle.

87 The Neckar: On the 3d of June Marlborough arrived at Ladenburg; he crossed the Neckar at that point on the 4th or 5th of June. (Coxe, I, 332-334.)

99-100 At length. . . Eugenio: On June 10, at Mondelsheim, Marlborough had his first interview with Prince Eugene.

115-116 Britannia's graceful sons . . the heroe's presence warms: "His Grace ordering his Army to be drawn up in Battalia before the Prince," says Boyer, "his Highness express'd his surprize to find them in so good Condition, after so long and quick a March. . My Lord, I never saw better Horses, better Cloaths, finer Belts and

Accoutrements: Yet all these may be had for Money; but there is a Spirit in the looks of your Men, which I never yet saw in my Life. His Grace was extremely well pleas'd with the Compliment, and return'd it thus, 'Sir, If it be as you say, that Spirit is inspired to them by your Presence."" (Annals, III, 56.) The inaptness of "Britannia's

graceful sons has frequently been pointed out.

128 Th' immortal Schellenberg appears at last: On the 2d of July Marlborough reached the Schellenberg, which "is a height overhanging Donawerth and the left bank of the Danube. It rises in a gradual though unequal ascent, which at the intended point of attack, was about a quarter of a mile wide, on which the enemy were encamped in several lines." (Coxe, I, 351.) Marlborough attacked almost immediately and, after a fight in which the allies had some 1500 men killed and 4000 wounded, dislodged and almost completely destroyed the enemy. For the particulars, see Coxe, I, 350-361.

132-133 Rows of hollow brass, Tube behind tube: This is the typical classical treatment of such things as guns or cannon. Cf. Pope's “unwearied fowler" (Windsor Forest, 125 ff.) who "lifts the tube, and levels with his eye."

143 Throng'd war: compact battle line.

144 Battel: the main body of an army, as distinguished from the van or the rear.

168 Where-e'er his friends retire, or foes succeed: Pope and Swift, in their Пep Bábovs; or, The Art of Sinking in Poetry, 1727 (chap. xii, § 6), thus criticise this line and several others of The Campaign: "The MACROLOGY and PLEONASM are as generally coupled, as a lean rabbit with a fat one; nor is it a wonder, the superfluity of words, and vacuity of sense, being just the same thing. I am pleased to see one of our greatest adversaries employ this figure.

"The growth of meadows, and the pride of fields,

The food of armies and support of wars,
Refuse of swords, and gleanings of a fight,
Lessen his numbers and contract his host,
Where'er his friends retire, or foes succeed,

Cover'd with tempests, and in oceans drown'd."

These are lines 199, 202, 192, 268, 168, and 190 of The Campaign. In the final section of chap. xv of the IIepì Bálovs, Pope and Swift seem to be satirizing The Campaign as a whole in giving these directions to the poet who would describe a battle: "For a Battle. Pick a large quantity of images and descriptions from Homer's Iliad, with a

spice or two of Virgil, and if there remain any overplus, you may lay them by for a skirmish. Season it well with similes, and it will make an excellent battle."

192 Refuse of swords, and gleanings of a fight: This suggests the Anglo-Saxon wapna láf. Addison, however, was probably following

Virgil's reliquias Danaum (Æn., i, 30).

197 ff. To Donawert, etc.: "The Elector of Bavaria was no sooner inform'd of the Defeat of his Troops at Schellenberg, than he quitted his advantageous Camp between Dillengen and Lawingen, and came to the other side of the Danube, over against Donawert in his march to the River Lech, to prevent the Confederates cutting off his Retreat to his own Country. The same Night he sent Orders to his Garrison at Donawert to set fire to the Town, to burn their Bridges and Magazines, and then to retire, for which end they had put Straw in every House; but the Confederates being advanced into the Suburbs, and laying their Bridge to pass into the Town, the Garrison durst not stay, for fear of having their Retreat cut off, and preferr'd their own Safety before the execution of their Orders: whereby the Townsmen saved their Houses. The Enemy burnt only their Bridges, and some Magazines, and retired in great hast early the next day [July 4]; and at the same time the Confederates enter'd the Town without any opposition, and found in it 2000 Sacks of Meal, and great store of Oats, and all sorts of Provision and Ammunition, which the Enemy had not time to destroy." (Annals, III, 61.)

243 Gallia's proud standards, to Bavaria's join'd: On August 4 the Elector of Bavaria was joined by Tallard.

287-292 The storm: On the great storm of November, 1703, see Defoe, The Layman's Sermon upon the Late Storm, London, 1704; also The Storm: or, a Collection of the Most Remarkable Casualties and Disasters, which happened in the late Dreadful Tempest, both by Sea and Land, London, 1704. Evelyn notes (26-27 November, 1703): "The effects of the hurricane and tempest of wind, rain and lightning thro' all the nation, especially London, were very dismal. Many houses demolish'd and people kill'd. As to my own losses, the subversion of woods and timber, both ornamental and valuable through my whole estate, and about my house the woods crowning the garden mount, and growing along the park meadow, the damage to my own dwelling, farms and outhouses, is almost tragical, not to be parallel'd with any thing happening in our age. I am not able to describe it, but submit to the pleasure of Almighty God."

298 Laughs at the shaking of the British spear: cf. Job xli. 29.

309 Dormer: The Annals of Queen Anne (III, Appendix, p. 21) mentions two officers of this name: Colonel Philip Dormer and Captain James Dormer, both of the Battalion of Guards. The former, who is meant here, was killed; the latter was wounded.

...

327-334 From Blenheim's tow'rs the Gaul . . . His waving banners The hardy veteran with tears resigns: "The French Horse being entirely defeated, and our Troops Masters of all the Ground, which was between the Enemies Left, and the Village of Bleinheim, the 28 Battalions, and 12 Squadrons of Dragoons which were in that Village, found themselves cut off from the rest of their Army; And despairing of being able to make their Escape, after a weak Attempt to repulse our whole Infantry that surrounded the Village, they capitulated at last about 8 of the Clock; laid down their Arms; deliver'd their Colours and Standards; and surrendred themselves Prisoners of War." (Annals, III, 80.) Some accounts make them tear up or burn the colors and bury their arms. (See Alison's Marlborough, New York, 1868, p. 98, and the references in his footnote.)

335 ff. Unfortunate Tallard: The Duc de Tallard (Camille d'Hostun), Marshal of France, had command of the right wing of the French, opposite the Duke of Marlborough. The Marquis de la Beaulme, only son of Tallard, was severely wounded, and died a few days after the battle.

....

...

361-364 From Memminghen's high domes, and Augsburg's walls, etc. : "Nor was it long before the Duke's, and Prince Eugene's Opinion [i.e. "that it would be . . . advantageous . . . to join all the Forces, to streighten the Enemy more and more, and to oblige the French to quit Germany, and repass the Rhine "] was confirm'd, by the Example of the City of Ausberg, which the French, . . ., quitted the 16th of August,. The Magistrates being Assembled immediately after, sent 4 Deputies to wait on the Duke of Marlborough, and desire his Protection. . . . The same morning [August 19].. a Deputy from the City of Memmingen waited on his Grace to desire his Protection." (Annals, III, 89.) "On the 22d the Governor of Ulm, who did justly apprehend a Siege, sent out of the Town 430 Prisoners, which the Enemy had taken at Hochstet, . . . and other Places, with a Compliment to the Duke of Marlborough, That he would be pleased to take a fitting opportunity, to return an equal number; but those Prisoners being Germans, his Grace sent them to Prince Eugene. The Electors made some Overtures to deliver not only Ulm, but the whole Electorate of Bavaria, upon certain conditions." (Annals, III, 90.) Ulm finally surrendered on the 11th of September.

383 A mighty bulwark: Landau.

407 Austria's young monarch: Joseph I, son of Leopold, joined the army before Landau.

421-424 Thus the great father, etc.: Æneid, i, 588 ff.

437 ff. Treves, Traerbach: At Marlborough's approach the French garrison abandoned Trèves. On November 3 "his Grace went . . . to the rising Grounds near Traerbach, to take a narrow View of the Place, and review'd the Dutch, which were lately arriv'd in the Neighbourhood from the Maese; and having given the necessary Directions for the Siege of Traerbach, the Care whereof was committed to the Prince of Hesse Cassel, his Grace set out the next Day early on his return to the Camp at Weissemburg.” (Annals, III, 112.) The siege was carried on by the Prince of Hesse during the absence of Marlborough, who had left on December 12 for The Hague. Traerbach surrendered on the 20th. Lines 440-442 are therefore perfunctory and rather less than half true. 455 Th' unfetter'd Ister's states are free: Bavaria. The Hister, or Ister, of Latin writers is the lower Danube.

476 And those who paint 'em truest praise 'em most: Upon this line Pope seems to have modelled his "He best can paint 'em who shall feel 'em most." (Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 366.)

CATO

Tickell writes: "The Tragedy of CATO appeared in public in the year 1713; when the greater part of the last Act was added by the Author, to the foregoing which he had kept by him for many years. He took up a design of writing a play upon this subject, when he was very young at the University; and even attempted something in it there, though not a line as it now stands. The work was performed by him in his travels, and retouched in England, without any formed resolution of bringing it upon the Stage, until his friends of the first Quality and Distinction prevailed on him, to put the last finishing to it, at a time when they thought the Doctrine of Liberty very seasonable." (Preface to ed. 1721, pp. xiii-xiv.)

Steele comments upon this part of Tickell's preface as follows: "Mr. TICKELL's account of its being taken up, laid down, and at last perfected, after such long intervals and pauses, would make any one believe, who did not know Mr. ADDISON, that it was accomplished with the greatest pain and labour; and the issue rather of Learning and Industry than Capacity and Genius: but I do assure you, that never Play which could bring the author any reputation for Wit and