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war to the savages, and so adding to its horrors, none of the seven Quakers present at the Council's meeting raised any objection: apparently the order was made with their consent; for there was only one non-Quaker present. On June 15, an answer being brought back that the Indians at Conestoga would forthwith call in all their young men, and with all their force come to Philadelphia to proceed to Albany, it was decided, in view of the Assembly's vote against taking part in the expedition, to ask the Indians to defer their coming.

On the 6th and 7th of July, Gookin was in the field again as a military commander. At the head of a small force at Lewes, he prevented a French privateer from effecting a landing. A few days later, in Philadelphia, he issued a proclamation calling to arms all men between the ages of 16 and 60 upon a real alarm.

In July, 1709, a delegation of the Indians came to Philadelphia, and explained that the tribesmen had prepared in the early Summer to go to the Five Nations, and take twenty-four belts of wampum as the tribute, but that the Five Nations had soon sent them word that all the Indians of these parts, and also of Maryland, who were all tributaries of the Five Nations, should meet some of their chiefs who were coming to Conestoga. It was now too late to make a journey northward, and return before cold weather; besides, fearing a French invasion of the coasts, the warriors were afraid to leave their wives and children unprotected. The Lieutenant-Governor reassured the visitors as to any likelihood of the French privateers landing any force, and warned against listening to tales, and asked to be informed of any traders who spread tales. The Lieutenant-Governor, moreover, spoke of the expectation of a large fleet to conquer Canada. The Indians departed with presents.

The offer by the Assembly of 500l. to the Queen was not fulfilled that year, the question of the Lieu

tenant-Governor's support arising, as usual, to complicate matters. Penn had given Gookin reason to expect £400 (sterling?) a year salary from the Assembly, and had obtained his promise in writing to account for all fines, forfeitures, and other perquisites, and be satisfied with £200 stg. annually from Penn, until the Assembly made provision. Out of £200, it was impossible to save for that retirement to private life which was to be expected before very long. Gookin's previous savings had been much depleted by the time he met the Assembly. That body unanimously declared in April: "The making all due provision for the support of government and security of the people is what we hold to be our duty, which we shall always be ready to do as occasion offers as far as lies in our power;" but the claim was repeated that the 8001. out of the tax on estates &ct., and also the half of the three years' impost, all of which had been paid to Lieutenant-Governor Evans "for the support of government," should have been applied to public exigencies, leaving to the Assembly the supplementing of the sum, if necessary. In July, along with a decision to raise 300l. for public charges, it was announced: "we agreed to raise 2001. to augment those perquisites that are properly applicable to thy own support, which we freely grant as our benevolence." Gookin was asked to pass a number of bills proposed in Evans's time, among others that relating to the land held for religious societies, and that for the confirmation of titles, the land bought by any person from Penn in recent years being subject to Ford's fee simple outstanding at the time. Gookin received a message on Sep. 27 that the supply bill would be presented to him, when he had passed the others; the supply bill was even shown to him on that evening at the Bull Head Tavern, whither he had repaired, at the invitation of some of the Assemblymen: but he, who appears to have disclosed his engagement

not to act without the consent of the Council, declined to inspect the bill, insisting that it be presented to him before the Council the next day. The Assemblymen were unwilling to have Logan consulted about it. Late in the morning of the 28th, having heard nothing from the House, Gookin asked the Council's advice, and, agreeably to it, sent word that, no bill but the one naturalizing the Germans being "in a sufficient readiness," he would concur in no other legislation, but refer the other bills to the next Assembly, so soon to meet, his duty to himself requiring that, unless the Assembly would grant him a requisite support, he should not concern himself in legislation. The Assembly closed its session with a long Remonstrance to the LieutenantGovernor, entreating him to exercise his rights in legislation under the royal Charter, and to remove the "obstructions"-probably meaning Logan-to the Assembly's efforts.

At the election on October 1, this Remonstrance, which was published at the coffee house in Philadelphia, was read at the polling place in Bucks and Chester Counties. By certain paragraphs, the voters were informed, if they were not already aware of it, that the Proprietary had instructed Gookin to pass no laws without the consent of the Council, and that Logan controlled that body, having, moreover, great influence over Gookin. The failure of much legislation and the existence of various grievances were set forth, all attributed to Logan's machinations against the People's friends or his favoritism. The party of the Remonstrance won the election, practically the same members of Assembly being chosen as in the preceding year. Logan presented to the Council on October 14 a lengthy "Justification" of himself or, rather, an exposure of Lloyd's career. No complete copy has been printed, but a portion is in Vol. II of the Penn and Logan Correspondence. The Lieutenant-Governor, although for

mally approving, as he could not help doing, of Lloyd's reelection to the Speakership, suggested the consideration by the Assembly of the charges made by Logan, as, if well founded, making Lloyd unfit for the position. This suggestion, after the confirmation of Lloyd, and before the Assembly had seen the charges, was declared by that body ill timed and an indignity, its address to the Lieutenant-Governor expressing a willingness to contribute to his expenses in coming over, and speaking of Logan's persistence in trying "to sour the temper and good disposition" of the Lieutenant-Governor towards the representatives of the People. In this address, the House struck the key-note of Parliamentary government by begging "leave to observe that the duty incumbent upon us to contribute to this general support of the Lieutenancy is grounded upon a condition precedent, so that the People, according to the fundamental rules of English government, are not obliged to contribute to the support of that administration which affords them no redress when their rights are violated, their liberties infringed, and their representative body affronted and abused: hence it is that that branch of the legislative authority seldom move to give supplies 'till their grievances are redressed, and reparation made for the indignities they meet with from the other branch of the same authority."

The Lieutenant-Governor, being called to New Castle, to meet the Assembly of the Lower Counties, asked the Assembly of the Upper Counties to adjourn until October 31, which that body did. On Oct. 31, owing to the inclemency of the weather, a quorum did not appear, and the Lieutenant-Governor himself did not come to town. Those attending adjourned for a few days, and subsequently, hearing that he was unlikely soon to be back, adjourned until November 14, at which date business was resumed, although Gookin was again absent, but in due course conferences with a committee of the

Council on the bill relating to fees were held. Logan, having written offering to substantiate with proofs his narrative of Lloyd's behavior, afterwards petitioned for a speedy prosecution of the impeachment against himself. The Assembly took the old stand as to trial of impeachments, resolving unanimously, on Nov. 16, that he should lay before it a particular answer to every charge, and that upon his failure so to do within six days, the House would take the matter as confessed; but if he brought in an answer as aforesaid, the House would prosecute as soon as the Governor should be pleased to proceed judicially upon the impeachments. Lloyd laid before a committee of the Assembly on Nov. 22 a Vindication, printed also in Vol. II of Penn and Logan Correspondence. On the 23rd, the Assembly resolved to arrest Logan for his reflections upon it. He had been for months arranging to embark during that Autumn for England, and such arrest, unless followed by his quick submission or apology, would have prevented: but the Council told Gookin that the Assembly could arrest no one except possibly one of its members; so when, on the 25th, the Speaker issued a warrant to the Sheriff for the arrest, that officer declined to execute it. Gookin did not rely upon merely the legal incapacity of the House to order an arrest, but declared that the members passing the resolution were not a legal Assembly, owing to the failure to meet on October 31, and could not be such until called together by him. This position caused the Assembly to remonstrate, and to adjourn from time to time, and to be laughed at; and, as the Lieutenant-Governor did not solve the question by calling a special session, the whole year was lost.

On November 28, there being a fear that some of the members would take Logan by force, the LieutenantGovernor commanded the Sheriff to oppose any attempt to do so, and Logan in a few days sailed on a

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