other sciences as portions of the science of mentation. All philosophical and metaphysical systems, all religions, languages, and institutions and arts come within its scope, and furnish its subjectmatter. Whatever the mind has done belongs to the science of mind. All that man has done upon earth, all that has resulted from the adaptive functionings of organisms, from the hole burrowed in the earth by the simplest worm to the pyramids of Egypt; from the silicious shell of a diatom to the Thirty-nine Articles; from the automatic metabolism of protoplasm to the prevision that results from the highest scientific generalisations; in short, all of the phenomena of life come directly within the scope of the science of mentation. All knowledge, having been produced by mind, and capable of being known only by mind, and can be applied as an art only by mind, comes under psychology as a subordinate branch. The science of mentation, which might be called psychonomy, offers data for an art of mentation. Corresponding to this mind-science there is a mind-art, but of this I may speak in a subsequent article.

I will conclude by calling attention to the imperfections and complete inadequacies of all psychologic terminologies. So great is the diversity of meaning attached to all terms relating to mind that it is very difficult to make one's meaning clear to any great number of people, and it is even difficult to make a record of one's own thinking. The same word applies to such a number of distinct mental processes, and so many distinct mental functions have no name, that it is time to introduce some terminology free from these difficulties. In my own thinking and writing I use symbols instead of words, and the system has received the approval of some very high authorities. I append a brief description of part of this system of symbolic terminology, reserving a description of the taxonomic nomenclature for subsequent presentation.

Many cosmic forces may be incident upon the organism, but only those which excite an adaptive response, act as a stimulus : let such a cosmic stimulus be named or represented by the capital. letter A.

This cosmic stimulus may be incident upon an organism but not be of sufficient intensity or duration to excite an adaptive re

sponse, if so, it does not produce any impression recognised by the organism or responded to by any of its structural parts. But if of sufficient intensity and duration to produce such an impression upon any organ then it is called a sense-impression, and is represented by B.

Let the transformation of this sense-impression into transmissible energy be symbolised by C; and its transmission through a nerve by D; the impression made upon a ganglion by E; the transformative functioning in the ganglion by F; the libero-motor discharges from the ganglion by G; the new structures caused by the ganglionic functioning by H; the effect of the libero-motor discharge by I; the re-functioning of the H-structures by J; the liberomotor discharges of the re-functioning by K; the effects of K by L; the structures caused by the re-functioning of the H-structures by M; the libero-motor discharges of M by N.

This is not the full symbolism for the area gone over. Thus the libero-motor discharges of G are transmitted through a nerve, and in the full terminology this is named, so is the impression of that which is transmitted, and so is the effect on the tissue to which it is transmitted, and so on. My purpose is to give enough of the terminology to give an idea of its scope and importance.

Resuming again the system of naming from where I left off, let the transmission from the sense-organ or ganglion to other ganglia intermediate between the sense-organ and the cortex be represented by O, O', O", etc.; the transformation of the force for transmission by P; that which is transmitted by Q; the impression on the cortical cells by R; the functioning set up in these cells by S; the consciousness of that functioning by T; the structure formed by that functioning by U; the libero-motor discharges of that functioning by ; the effect of V by W; the refunctioning of U by X; the consciousness of that U-refunctioning by Y, and so on.

Special symbols indicate the kind of stimulus, whether of light, sound, smell, etc., and the higher grades of mentative integration and differentiation have symbols for names instead of words. This conduces to great exactness in description and in thinking. The functionings called sensation, imagination, conception, ideation,

reasoning, and so on, have each their appropriate symbology and taxonomy.

These new methods of research open wide fields of richest treasure to the investigator, and offer wonderful chances for cooperative mentation and research.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ELMER GATES.

LITERARY CORRESPONDENCE.

FRANCE.

Twenty years ago when M. le Comte d'Haussonville received M. Alexandre Dumas fils at the French Academy, the audience were surprised to find M. Dumas a trifle insignificant, in spite of his talents, and apparently unfortunate in having sought success in the criticism of the Chimène and Rodrigue of Corneille. The fine irony, the distinction of style, the justness of judgment displayed on this occasion, did not emanate from him. The man of the world, with his qualities of race and his experience of public affairs, won the victory over the professional writer in this pleasant academic bout.

Yesterday, again, the presentation of M. Albert Sorel afforded us a similar spectacle. At the outset a diplomat, M. Sorel is now a professor. To judge solely by his last discourse, philosophers will doubtless be of opinion that he is far from exhibiting the qualities which marked the work of M. Taine, his eminent predecessor. Besides, his rhetoric is a trifle apparent, and is redolent of the methods of the schools. With M. le duc de Broglie, it cannot be gainsaid, the judgments are more precise, the phrase is valued less for itself than for its substance. The language, both in the eulogy and in the criticism, is facile and measured. The statesman lifts us without effort to that elevated plane where, if it is not possible to grasp things individually under the best points of view, one at least obtains a better and more satisfactory survey of the whole. On this occasion again the statesman eclipsed the scholar, the man of the world the man of the study.

I could go back even to the Correspondence of Voltaire and

Frederick the Great, of which Sainte-Beuve remarked that of the two, Frederick showed not less esprit than Voltaire, while in many respects he was his superior. My object in these parallels is to depreciate neither literature nor scholarship. I am thinking merely, that we are too prone—at least in France-to restrict genius to the province of letters, and to confine the human intellect to a narrow field of action, in which it does not always completely express itself. Words are not all, and even literature is a trumpery matter, when unleavened by the breath of life. There have been admirable writers who were not authors by profession. The rules of our French Academy, therefore, in spite of the strictures they have evoked, were wise in calling to its assembly-halls, statesmen, soldiers, and even noblemen, who have not made a business of wielding the pen. The Academy, in this way, wins qualities and a prestige which would otherwise be lacking to it. One may foresee, without difficulty, on reading the discourse of M. le duc de Broglie, all of whose opinions, however, I do not share, that none of our recent academicians as M. Brunetière or M. Jules Lemaître-is ever likely to speak in his manner.

Can it be said, now, that M. Taine has been fully appraised in these two discourses? I hardly think so. M. Sorel has not successfully grasped him; he has displayed his dispersion only at the sacrifice of being dispersed himself. M. de Broglie has, beyond a doubt, comprehended him better, contrasting in the illustrious deceased the character of the artist with that of the philosopher, his imagination oftentimes extravagant, with his logic, which is often strained. It appears, in places, as if the figure of M. Taine emerged from these appreciations, diminished and dwarfed. His weakness, in my opinion, was an exaggerated anxiety about form, strengthened by his education at the Ecole Normale. He has given way more than once to the illusory ambition of accomplishing by words what was left unaccomplished by the thought and of illuminating by the light of words ideas without which the words are dark. I do not assert, of course, that the drapery does not conceal a robust body; I merely reproach him with a certain labored virtuosity, which does not always stand his philosophy in good stead. He abhorred the lan