Stoic ideas. What in that volume was done for psychology and the theory of knowledge, the author here proposes to do for ethics. Mainly, however, it is an independent exposition and deals rather with the ethics of Epictetus as an individual philosopher, than with his relations with the Porch. To copious notes the author has added an excellent classified index-a rare sight in a German work, but one which makes the present production exceedingly handy as a volume of reference. In an Appendix, the author treats at length (90 pages) of Stoic ethics proper, though with no claim to exhaustiveness. Mr. Bonhöffer's work gives one the impression of care and thoroughness, and his expositions place in a clear light the historical importance of Epictetus's ethical ideas, as well as their relationship with the views of the great philosophers and with Christianity. μl. WAS WILL Der kritische REALISMUS ? Eine Antwort an Herrn Professor Martius in Bonn. By Hermann Schwars. Leipsic: Duncker & Humblot. Pp., 40. Mr. Schwarz is the author of a work entitled Das Wahrnehmungsproblem vom Standpunkte des Physikers, des Physiologen und des Philosophen (1892). Recently, Herr Professor Martius of Bonn "recensed" the Wahrnehmungsproblem in the Göttinger Anzeigen, but his recension shot so wide of the mark that, to judge from Mr. Schwarz's statement, he must have aimed at a different book, or had in his eye some other philosophical system. Hence, Mr. Schwarz writes this brief pamphlet to tell Professor Martius what his system is. Readers of the Wahrnehmungsproblem will, no doubt, be glad to have this explanation of Mr. Schwarz. μ. DIE PHILOSOPHIE der Freiheit. Grundzüge einer modernen Weltanschauung. By Dr. Rudolf Steiner. Berlin Emil Felber. 1894. Pp. 242. The essential characteristic of the present age the author finds in the evident striving of individual culture to make itself the centre of all the interests of life. To bear the stamp of validity, a thing must have its origin deep in the roots of individuality. This, in a certain form, is the gospel of the development from within outwards which Goethe championed. Between heredity, tradition, iron-clad custom, and the independent mind filled with new ideas, a constant battle is foughtthe battle of knowledge against belief. Man, however, must not bow to the new idea lest he be what he was before, but must make himself master of it. The ground or reason for the translation of an idea into actual reality by the agency of the individual man can be found only in the man himself. For an idea to become an act, a man must will its transformation. But such a volition can spring solely from man himself. Man is the ultimate mover of his acts; he is free. икрк. DOLORE E PIACERE, STORIA NATURALE DEI SENTIMENTI. By G. Sergi. Milan : Dumolard. 1894. (Pp., xv and 395; price, lire 4.50.) Grief and Pleasure is an attempt to demonstrate scientifically the correctness of the popular belief that the region of the heart is the seat of the feelings; that grief and pleasure do not originate where thought is developed, but are alterations of the functions of organic life rendered apparent through the agency of the medulla oblongata. This, then, is the centre of grief and pleasure, whether provoked by organic, physical, sensible stimulus in any part of the body, or by perceptions, ideas, thoughts, transmitted through the brain. It is from here that the impulses proceed that modify and disturb the organic life, beginning with the heart and the respiration. The author presents many proofs of this theory, but warns us that as the theory and the book were each a long slow growth neither can be understood or appreciated till the whole book has been read. He finds suggestions of this theory in the writings of Hack Tuke, Brown-Séquard, Laycock, Spencer, Hall, James, and Monselice, and additional evidence at the last moment in the work of Dr. Mosso on The Temperature of the Brain (Milan, 1894). This last curious collection of studies shows that the temperature of the brain is not increased by thought, but is by the emotions, a fact that our author explains by his theory: because in the generation of thought all the energy of the brain goes in that direction, while in the transmission of the emotions from their independent centre to the brain, the seat of thought, there is an excess of energy which is transformed into heat. The book, written by a well-known Italian author, is curious and interesting. The chapters are: Introduction: General Characteristics of Psychic Phenomena. Chapter I. Irritability and Sensibility. II. Sensation. III. Grief and Pleasure. IV. Emotions. V. Physical Bases of the Emotions. VI. Mechanism of the Emotions. VII. Genesis of the Emotions. VIII. Genealogy of the Emotions. IX. Moral Sentiments. X. Psychological Synthesis of the Emotions. XI. Physiognomy. XII. Influences and Variations. XIII. Pathology of the Emotions. XIV. Esthetic Sentiments. XV. Origin of the Esthetic Sentiments. XVI, XVII. and XVIII. Analysis of the Esthetic Sentiments. XIX. Religious Sentiment. XX. Evolution of the Sentiments. G. C. H. LO SCETTICISMO E GAETANO NEGRI. By G. Morando. Milan Cogliati. 1894. I Lire. Pp. 100. This volume is the development of an article published in the Rassegna Nazionale, the journal, according to Negri, "which is the most authoritative expression of that Catholicism which would be at the same time orthodox, progressive, and national." It was called forth by the publication of Rumori Mondani, the last work of Senator Negri, and is an attempt to state and then to refute the materialistic or agnostic principles and theories contained in this and preceding works of the author of "George Eliot." Morando arms himself with the weapons of Plato, the Fathers of the Church, and Rosmini, to combat Aristotle, Kant, and their disciple Negri, and sufficiently indicates his endeavor after fairness by the two mottoes which he recommends: "To those rationalists who struggle in vain in the straitjacket of their doubts, I say—The truth shall make you free. To those believers who may be unjust to the truth for vain human reasons, I say-Freedom shall make you truthful. The former are vital words of Christ, the latter a profound and worthy inversion of them." G. C. H. KANT'S INAUGURAL DISSERTATION OF 1770. Translated into English by William J. Eckoff. Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogy in the University of Colorado. New York: Columbia College. May, 1894. Price, 90 cents. Pp, 101. The second number of the first volume of the "Columbia College Contributions to Philosophy, Psychology, and Education," the purpose of which we spoke of in our last issue, consists of an English translation of Kant's inaugural dissertation, De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis, of a general historical introduction, and of a discussion of the position of the Dissertation in Kant's critical system. It is as refreshing as it is rare to see the broad view which the editor of the translation takes of the relations of philosophy with the practical religious and social problems of the day, and to note the commendable zeal with which he attacks his subjects. It is his conviction that Kant can best be understood, not by the utilisation of his numerous commentators, but by calling on Kant personally to explain himself. Mr. Eckoff proposes, accordingly, as part of his plan for eliciting the responses of the master, to prepare a series of monographs covering the field of the pre-Critical work of Kant in Kant's own language, "with no more additions from the writer than would suffice for connective tissue." The present paper is a part of this larger plan. The Dissertation is claimed as the turning-point in the development of the philosophy of Kant. According to Professor Windelband the Dissertation belongs to the pre-Critical period. On this point Mr. Eckoff takes issue with Professor Windelband, and from the discussion, the unprejudiced reader will be led, we think, to take Mr. Eckoff's side. Typographically, the volume is not exemplary. Half the time, the use of quotation marks is discarded, causing the reader considerable annoyance. μ. RICHARD CUMBERLAND ALS BEGRÜNDER DER ENGLISCHEN ETHIK. By Frank E. Spaulding. Leipsic: Gustav Fock. Pp., 101. 1894. A dissertation presented to the faculty of the University of Leipsic for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It is the first monograph, the author states, which has been published on Cumberland. It gives a sketch of that philosopher's life, character, and works, and is clearly written. μ. PERIODICALS. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW. VOL. I. NO. 4. REVERSE ILLUSIONS OF ORIENTATION. By Alfred Binet.-DIRECT CONTROL of THE RETINAL FIELD. By George Trumbull Ladd.-PSYCHOLOGICAL NOTES on Helen KelLAR. By Joseph Jastrow.—PSYCHOLOGY PAST AND PRESENT. By J. Mark Baldwin.-DISCUSSION, ETC.-(New York and London: Macmillan & Co.) By "reverse illusions of orientation" (le renversement de l'orientation) M. Binet understands "illusions or hallucinations of orientation which arise spontaneously either when we waken in the darkness of night, or during the day when awake.... Generally the illusion is equivalent to the effect of a rotation of 1808: hence the impression of a turning or 'reversal.' . . . We still need to know whether the illusion is produced or not by a particular derangement of one sense-organpossibly the semicircular canals of the inner ear. In experimental studies that have been made on the sensation of vertigo, no one has, to my knowledge, produced such illusions of the orientation of objects." Psychological students will be well repaid by a perusal of Professor Baldwin's review of Psychology Past and Present." THE PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW. Vol. III. Nos. 4 and 5. THE FREEDOM OF THE WILL. By Prof. Frank Thilly.-THE MORALITY THAT OUGHT TO BE. By Alfred L. Hodder,-AFFECTIVE ATTENTION. By Prof. E. B. Titchener.-GERMAN KANTIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. By Dr. Erich Adickes. THE EXTERNAL WORLD AND THE SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS. By Prof. Josiah Royce.-THE PROBLEM OF HEGEL. By Prof. John Watson.-EPISTEMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY. By Prof. Andrew Seth.-GERMAN KANTIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY (ix) By Dr. Erich Adickes.-BOOK REVIEWS.-(Boston, New York, Chicago: Ginn & Co.) Professor Royce's article is a lecture read before the Philosophical Club of Princeton College, forming an introduction to a somewhat extended line of research. John Watson breaks a lance for Hegel, bringing him nearer to the comprehension of modern readers by insisting that the only Absolute which is thinkable at all is an Absolute which is manifested in the Relative and which, therefore, has no reality apart from its manifestations. The world, accordingly, in its multifarious energies, whether as nature or as mind, is the expression of a self-determined unity. Prof. Andrew Seth makes a few comments on Mr. Ritchie's article "The Relation of Metaphysics to Epistemology" in order to remove some of that writer's misconceptions. An elaborate reply Professor Seth thinks no longer necessary, after having answered most of the points by anticipation in his article "Hegelianism and its Critics" in Mind, and in "Epistemological Conclusions" in the Philosoph ical Review. Professor Thilly trusts that determinism is not, as has been claimed, a discouraging or paralysing doctrine. It does not destroy the energy of action. Fatalistic nations like the Mohammedans were far more energetic than Christian ascetics who believed in the will's absolute freedom. THE NEW WORLD. Vol. III, Nos. 9 and 10. LOTZE'S DOCTRINE OF THOUGHT. By Henry Jones.-THE HUMAN ELEMENT By BAUR'S NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM IN THe Light of tHE PRESENT. By H. Holtzmann.-JOHN KELPIUS, PIETIST. By F. H. Williams,—THE MOVEMENT FOR RELIGIOUS EQUALITY IN ENGLAND. By Edward Porritt.-THE Religious and THE HISTORICAL USES OF THE BIBLE. By Frank C. Porter. -THE EPISCOPALIAN POLITY. By W. Kirkus.-THE PAULINE TEACHING OF THE PERSON OF CHRIST. By Orello Cone. -THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PESSIMISM. -By R. A. Holland, Jr.-DEMOCRACY AND THE POET. By Nicholas P. Gilman.-THE BOOK OF JOB. By Bernhard Duhm.-BOOK REVIEWS.-(Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) As far as New Testament criticism is concerned the plea and the counter-plea, the accusation and the vindication of "Baur's New Testament Criticisms" may be put briefly and appropriately in these two propositions: "Baur was a negative spirit, who left nothing standing as genuine and apostolic in the New Testament except four epistles of Paul and the Johannine Apocalypse, and so gave a signal for general destruction '';—“Baur was a positive spirit, since he was by no means satisfied with denying to a Biblical writing the authorship ascribed to it by tradition or named in the superscription, but claimed emphatically to practise 'positive criticism,'-to show the place which the various writings of the New Testament held in the general development of Christianity, and in which they are historically comprehensible." Professor Holtzmann adds: "Since Baur fulfilled this promise, he has brought the original condition of primitive Christianity into the light of historical probability. Historians and theologians have once more a common ground on which they can discuss the origin of Christianity. Since he helped to prepare this for them, Baur was a discoverer, a pathfinder, and a pioneer in the best sense of the word." PHILOSOPHISCHE MONATSHEFTE. Vol. XXX. Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6. |