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Fabliaux, and the gaie science of the French Troubadours! Yet who in Boston has time for that? But one of our company shall undertake it, shall study and master it, and shall report on it, as under oath; shall give us the sincere result, as it lies in his mind, adding nothing, keeping nothing back. Another member, meantime, shall as honestly search, sift, and as truly report, on British mythology, the Round Table, the histories of Brut, Merlin, and Welsh poetry; a third on the Saxon Chronicles, Robert of Gloucester, and William of Malmesbury; a fourth, on Mysteries, Early Drama, Gesta Romanorum, Collier, and Dyce, and the Camden Society. Each shall give us his grains of gold, after the washing; and every other shall then decide whether this is a book indispensable to him also.

1 Short metrical tales popular in the Middle Ages, usually comic and satirical.

2

Literally "gay science," the poetry of the troubadours and the trouvères.

THE WORKING OF THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY'

CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT

I PURPOSE to examine some parts of the experience of the American democracy, with the intention of suggesting the answers to certain theoretical objections which have been urged against democracy in general, and of showing in part what makes the strength of the democratic form of government.

For more than a hundred years there has been among civilized nations a decided set of opinion toward democratic institutions; but in Europe this set has been determined rather by unfavorable experience of despotic and oligarchic forms of government than by any favorable experience of the democratic form. Government by one and government by a few have been tried through many centuries, by different races of men, and under all sorts of conditions; but neither has ever succeeded

1

Reprinted from American Contributions to Civilization, New York, 1907, through the generous permission of the author and of The Century Company. Copyright, 1890, by The Century Company.

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CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT

-not even in England-in producing a reasonably peaceful, secure, and also happy society. No lesson upon this subject could be more, forcible than that which modern Europe teaches. Empires and monarchies, like patriarchies and chieftainships, have doubtless served their turn; but they have signally failed to realize the social ideals. -some ancient and some modern in originwhich have taken firm hold of men's minds since the American Revolution. This failure extends through all society, from top to bottom. It is as conspicuous in the moral condition of the upper classes as in the material condition of the lower. Oligarchies call themselves aristocracies; but government by the few has never really been government by the best. Therefore mankind tends to seek the realization of its ideals in broad-based forms of government.

It can hardly be said that Europe has any experience of democracy which is applicable to a modern state. Gallant little Switzerland lives in a mountain fastness, and exists by the sufferance of powerful neighbors, each jealous of the other. No lessons for modern use can be drawn from the transient city democracies of ancient or medieval times. The city as a unit of government organization has gone forever, with the glories of Athens, Rome, and Florence. Throughout this century a beneficent tendency has been manifested toward

the demos, to succeed must be able to an lump push from the cily unit of go foth vach brritory and popularton.

and a radiancate in THE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY 309

the formation of great national units. Witness the
expansion of Russia and the United States, the
creation of the German empire, the union of Aus-
tria, Hungary, and Bohemia, and the unification
of Italy. At least, within these great units prevail
a common peace and an unrestricted trade. The
blessings which result from holding vast territories
and multitudes under one national government are
so great that none but large governments have any
future before them. To succeed, democracy must
show itself able to control both territory and popu-
lation on a continental scale; therefore its methods
must be representative-which means that they
are necessarily deliberative, and are likely to be
conservative and slow. Of such government by
the many, Europe has no trustworthy experience,
either in ancient or in modern times.
The so-
called democracies of Greece and Rome were really
governments by a small caste of free citizens rul-
ing a multitude of aliens and slaves: hasty and
tyrannical themselves, they naturally prepared the
way for tyrants. Yet when all the world were
slaves, that caste of free citizens was a wonderful
invention. France, since the Revolution, has ex-
hibited some fugitive specimens of democratic
rule, but has had no stable government of any
sort, whether tyranny, oligarchy, or democracy.
In short, such experience as Europe has had of so-
called democracies-with the exception of admira-

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ble Switzerland-is worse than useless; for it is thoroughly misleading, and has misled many acute observers of political phenomena.

In this absence of available European experience, where can mankind look for trustworthy evidence concerning the practical working of democratic institutions? Solely to the United States. The Australasian colonies will before long contribute valuable evidence; but at present their population is small, and their experience is too recent to be of great value to students of comparative politics. Yet it is upon experience, and experience alone, that safe conclusions can be based concerning the merits and the faults of democracy. On politics, speculative writing-even by able men like Sir George Cornewall Lewis1 and Sir Henry Maine is as perilous as it is on biology; and prophecy is still more dangerous. To the modern mind, ideal states like Plato's Republic, Sir Thomas More's Utopia, and Saint Augustine's Civitas Dei, are utterly uninteresting-particularly when they rest upon such visionary postulates as community of goods and community of wives and children. The stable state must have its roots in use and wont, in familiar customs and laws, and in the inherited habits of successive generations. But it is only in the United States

1

English statesman and man of letters (1806-1863).
English jurist and historian (1822-1888).

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