shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress."— Art. V. 1.

5. State in what two ways amendments may be proposed.

They may be proposed by Congress, or by a convention called on application of the legislatures of two thirds of the states.

6. In what ways may the proposed amendments be ratified?

By the legislatures of three fourths of the states, or by conventions in three fourths of the states.

7. In what way were the amendments that have been made proposed and ratified?

They were proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legislatures of the states.

8. What limitations are there to the power of amendment?

"Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate."-Art. V. 1.

9. What do the clauses above mentioned refer to? To the importation of slaves, and to capitation and other direct taxes.

10. What is said of debts contracted by the United States before the adoption of the Constitution?

"All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation." Art. VI. 1.

11. What is said of the supremacy of the Constitution?

"This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution and laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.” — Art. VI. 2.

12. What does this prohibit?

It prohibits any state from seceding, and from making any law contrary to the Constitution and laws of the United States.

13. What was the doctrine of nullification?

The right claimed by some of the states to nullify an act of Congress within their borders, provided they judged the act unconstitutional.

14. What tribunal has the Constitution made the judge as to the constitutionality of laws?

The Supreme Court.

15. Who are bound by oath to support the Constitution?

"The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution." Art. VI. 3.

16. Is there any religious test allowed?

"But no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States."— Art. VI. 3.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.

THE JUDICIARY.

1. What is the office of the judiciary?

2. Where is the judicial power of the United States vested? 3. Of what does the Supreme Court consist?

4. What are the Circuit Courts?

5. Into how many circuits are the United States divided? 6. Into how many districts are the United States divided?

7. How many district judges are there?

8. Where and how often does the Supreme Court hold its sessions?

9. To what does the judicial power extend?

10. What is meant by equity jurisprudence?

11. What are courts of equity commonly called?

12. Has the Supreme Court both original and appellate jurisdiction?

13. When does it exercise original jurisdiction? Ans. When suits are commenced in that court?

14. When does it exercise appellate jurisdiction?

15. In what cases has the Supreme Court original jurisdiction?

16. In what cases has it appellate jurisdiction?

17. May appeals in some cases be taken from the state to the national courts?

18. What is the tenure of office of the judges of the United States courts?

19. Who determine the compensation of the judges?

20. What limitation is there to the power of Congress in this matter?

21. What officers besides judges are connected with the ́ courts of the United States?

22. What are the duties of the attorney-general and of the district attorneys?

23. What are the duties of the marshals?

24. What are the duties of the clerks?

25. What is treason as defined by the Constitution?

26. What is necessary to convict one of treason?

27. What punishment has Congress ordained for treason? 28. What rights has a citizen of New York when he is in the state of Georgia?

29. Suppose a criminal flees from justice to another state, how can he be arrested?

30. By whom may new states be admitted to the Union?

31. Under what conditions may a new state be formed from a portion of one or more states?

32. What is the power of Congress over the territories of the United States?

33. Do the judges of the territorial courts belong to the national judiciary?

34. Can any state lay aside a republican form of government?

35. What is essential to a sovereign state? Ans. That it have power to change its form of government whenever it chooses to do so.

36. Suppose a state should attempt to establish a monarchy, what would Congress and the President do?

37. How does it appear that the Constitution requires their interference? — Art. IV. § 4.

38. In what two ways may the Constitution be amended? 39. In what way have all the amendments been made? 40. Show that the Constitution is supreme. - Art. VI. 2. 41. What officers are required to take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution?

42. Can any religious test be required as a qualification for office?

CHAPTER XXIII.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

1. When were most of the amendments to the Constitution made?

Soon after the adoption of the Constitution.

2. To what were they owing?

Several of the states proposed to adopt the Constitution on condition that certain amendments be made; but they were led to adopt it unconditionally, and to recommend the amendments desired.

3. What action was taken in the matter?

Congress selected the most important articles thus recommended, and proposed them to the legislatures of the states, by whom they were adopted, and thus became parts of the Constitution.

4. Can Congress establish a state religion?

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Art. I.

5. Suppose Congress should make a law favoring one religious denomination at the expense of another? It would be unconstitutional.

6. Can Congress abridge freedon of speech or of the press?

They cannot make any law "abridging the freedom of speech or of the press." - Art. I.

7. Do laws forbidding slander and libel abridge the freedom of speech or of the press?

They do not.