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occupied Spain, was it necessary, in order to avoid the consequences of that occupation, that we should blockade Cadiz ? No, I looked another way: I sought materials of compensation in another hemisphere. Contemplating Spain, such as our ancestors had known her, I resolved, that, if France had Spain, it should not be Spain with the Indies. I called the New World into existence to redress the balance of the Old."

In a speech in the House of Commons against parliamentary reform, Canning exclaimed, “Reform the Parliament! Repeal the Union! Restore the Heptarchy!" as if the latter two were as feasible as the former. This was the origin of the expression used in 1834 by Sir Robert Peel, in reply to a speech of Daniel O'Connell in favor of repeal: "Repeal the Union! as well restore the Heptarchy!"

Ah! but you were tedious.

Canning replied to a clergyman who asked him how he liked his sermon, "It was short;" at which the clergyman said, "Yes, you know I avoid being tedious: Ah! but you were tedious," rejoined Canning.

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When a new ministry was formed containing Addington (Lord Sidmouth), who was successively chancellor of the exchequer, first lord of the treasury, and home secretary, and whose presence in every administration was considered necessary in order to please George III., Canning remarked, "He is like the small-pox: everybody must have it once."

Sir Harry Halford, a distinguished physician, quoted in company the saying, "Every man is a physician or a fool at forty." Canning slyly asked, "Sir Harry, mayn't he be both?" The saying is attributed to Tiberius, but Plutarch ("Preservation of Health") assigns to the emperor the assertion that "he was a ridiculous man that held forth his hand to a physician after sixty."

When Lord spoke of a picture he had seen, representing the procession of animals into Noah's Ark, the elephants coming last and filling up the foreground, Canning explained it by saying, "Your elephants-wise fellows-staid behind to pack up their trunks."

CARACTACUS.

[King of the Silures, a tribe of ancient Britons; after long resistance to Roman arms, was defeated, and carried to Rome, A.D. 51; died about 54.]

Is it possible that a people possessed of so much magnificence at home could envy my humble cottage in Britain?

On beholding the splendor of Rome. The Emperor Claudius received him kindly, and gave him his liberty, and, according to some writers, allowed him still to reign in part of Britain as a prince subject to Rome. - FREEMAN: Old English History.

THOMAS CARLYLE.

[Born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, 1795; educated at Edinburgh University; began his literary career, 1823; removed to London, and published "Sartor Resartus," 1834; "The French Revolution," 1837; 'Oliver Cromwell," 1845; "Frederick the Great," 1858-64; died Feb. 5, 1881.]

God has put into every white man's hand a whip to flog the black.

On meeting Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1848. Emerson called him "a trip-hammer, with an Æolian attachment."

In his address as Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1866, Carlyle made use of the following expressions: "Beautiful is young enthusiasm; keep it to the end, and be more and more correct in fixing on the object of it. It is a terrible thing to be wrong in that, the source of all our miseries and confusions whatever."

"The deepest depth of vulgarism is that of setting up money as the ark of the covenant."

"Can there be a more horrible object in existence than an eloquent man not speaking the truth?"

"New truths are not the gifts which the old offer to the young the lesson we learn last is but the fulness of the meaning of what was only partially apprehended before."

Give your life royally.

Great men are not born among fools.

The unspeakable Turk.

In a letter to a meeting at St. James's Hall, London, in 1877, called to discuss the Eastern question, and the part that Europe should take in it, Mr. Carlyle wrote: "The unspeakable Turk should be immediately struck out of the question, and the country be left to honest European guidance."

In a discussion of the authorship of Shakespeare's plays, Carlyle said, "Lord Bacon could as easily have created the planets as he could have written 'Hamlet.'"

Towards the close of his life, he bitterly remarked, "They will not understand that it is death I want."

Arthur Hugh Clough, the poet (1819-61), said of Carlyle in 1849, "He has taken us into the desert; and he has left us there." De Quincey remarked to the great iconoclast, after the publication of " Latter-Day Pamphlets," in 1850, "You've shown, or you've made, another hole in the tin kettle of society: how do you propose to tinker it?"

Of Carlyle's critical powers Goethe said, "Criticism is our weak point. We shall have to wait a long time before we meet with such a man as Carlyle.”

CAROLINE MATILDA.

[Queen of Denmark, sister of George III.; born in England, 1751; married Christian VII. of Denmark, a weak and profligate king, by whom she was neglected or ill-treated; Struensee, a physician, acquired great influence over both king and queen, and was made prime minister; in consequence of a conspiracy, he was executed, and the queen banished to Zell, where she died, 1775.]

O God, keep me innocent; make others great!

The fate of this illustrious and unhappy princess, who, in a letter to George III. on the day before her death, protested in passionate terms her innocence of all the charges which led to her banishment, gives a melancholy interest to the words which she scratched with the point of a diamond on a window of the castle of Frederiksborg: "O mon Dieu, conserve-moi innocente, donne la grandeur aux autres!"

LORD CASTLEREAGH.

[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, and Marquis of Londonderry, a British statesman; born in Ireland, 1769; entered the British House of Commons, 1794; president board of control, 1802; secretary for war, 1805; for foreign affairs, 1812; represented England at the Congresses of Vienna, Paris, and Aix-la-Chapelle; committed suicide Aug. 12, 1822.]

The ignorant impatience of taxation.

When the income-tax was thrown out in 1816. Mr. Gladstone quoted this expression on introducing his commercial treaty budget in 1860; saying, that, if the author of that phrase could again take his place in the House, he would be more likely to complain of an ignorant patience of taxation.

"While Lord Castlereagh never showed the least symptom of any information extending beyond the more recent volumes of the 'Parliamentary Debates,'" says Lord Brougham, "or possibly the files of the newspapers only, his diction set all imitation, perhaps all description, at defiance."- Historical Sketches of Statesmen. Thus he once spoke of "the right honorable gentleman turning his back upon himself." "On another occasion," says Earl Russell, "he had gone on for an hour, speaking upon what subject no man could guess, when he exclaimed of a sudden, So much, Mr. Speaker, for the law of nations.' At another time, when he had spoken for an hour, tediously and confusedly, he declared, 'I have now proved that the Tower of London is a common law principle.' "Thomas Moore's answer," says Jennings ("Anecdotal History of Parliament "), to the question, 'Why is a pump like Viscount Castlereagh?' will be remembered: ·

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'Because it is a slender thing of wood,

That up and down its awkward arm doth sway,
And coolly spout and spout and spout away,
In one weak, washy, everlasting flood.'

When some one asked Talleyrand, at the Congress of Vienna, who that personage was, undistinguished by decorations, the French representative replied that it was Lord Castlereagh; and added, “ and sufficiently distinguished "(c'est bien distingué).

CATHERINE II.

[Empress of Russia; born at Stettin, 1729; married Peter, afterwards emperor, 1745; deposed him during the first year of his reign, 1762, when she became sole mistress of the empire; of profligate life, but great abilities, she promoted education and commerce, patronized scientific men, and extended her dominions on the Black Sea; was a party to the partition of Poland, 1772; died 1796.]

Your wit makes others witty (Votre esprit en donne aux autres).

In a letter to Voltaire.

Falstaff said, "I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in other men."-2 Henry IV., I. 2.

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During his visit to Russia, Diderot noticed the uncleanliness of the peasants, then serfs. Why," replied the empress, "should they take care of a body which does not belong to them?" (Pourquoi auraient-ils soin d'un corps qui ne leur appartient pas?) Diderot apologized on a certain occasion for touching her knee in the heat of an argument. The empress put him at his ease at once : "Let there be no ceremony between men" (Entre hommes tout est permis). She once closed a conversation with Diderot and Grimm, to attend to affairs of state, by saying, "Now I must see how my bread is baking" (Maintenant il faut songer au gagne-pain).

One of her maxims was, "I praise loudly, I blame softly" (Je loue tout haut, je gronde tout bas).

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Diderot described his royal hostess as having "the soul of Brutus with the charms of Cleopatra." Speaking of the situa tion of St. Petersburg, he told her that "a capital at the end of one's kingdom is like the heart at the end of one's fingers' (avoir le capitale au bout de son royaume, c'est avoir le cœur au bout de ses doigts). He is reported to have spoken of the Russian empire as "rotten before it is ripe." Joseph II. called it "a colossus of brass on a pedestal of clay."

CATHERINE OF ARAGON.

[Spelled also Katharine. Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, born 1486; married Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII. of England, 1501; and, on his death, his brother, afterwards Henry VIII., who afterwards divorced her; died 1536.

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