ments, whose name was Conradus Crambe, who by the father's fide was related to the Crouches of Cambridge, and his mother was Coufin to Mr. Swan, Gamester and Punfter of the City of London. So that from both parents he drew a natural difpofition to fport himfelf with Words, which as they are faid to be the counters of wife Men, and ready-money of Fools, Crambe had great store of cafh of the latter fort. Happy Martin in such a Parent, and fuch a Companion! What might not he atchieve in Arts and Sciences.

Here I must premise a general obfervation of great benefit to mankind. That there are many people who have the use only of one Operation of the Intellect, tho' like fhort-fighted men, they can hardly discover it themselves: They can form fingle apprehenfions *, but have neither of the other two faculties, the judicium or difcurfus. Now as it is wifely ordered, that people deprived of one fense have the others in more perfection, fuch people will form fingle Ideas with a great deal of vivacity; and happy were it indeed if they would confine themselves to fuch, without forming judicia, much less argumentations.

Cornelius quickly difcovered, that these two last operations of the intellect were very weak in Martin, and almost totally extinguished in Crambe; however he used to fay, that Rules of Logick are Spectacles to a purblind underftanding, and therefore he refolved to proceed with his two Pupils.

Martin's understanding was fo totally immers'd in fenfible objects, that he demanded examples from

* When a learned Friend once urged to our Author the Authority of a famous Dictionary-maker against the latinity of the expreffion amor publicus, which he had ufed in an infcription, he replied, that he would allow a Dictionary-maker to understand a fingle word, but not two words put together.

2

Material

Material things of the abstracted Ideas of Logick: As for Crambe, he contented himself with the Words, and when he could but form fome conceit upon them, was fully fatisfied. Thus Crambe would tell his Inftructor, that All men were not fingular; that Individuality could hardly be prædicated of any man, for it was commonly said that a man is not the fame he was, that madmen are befide themfelves, and drunken men come to themfelves; which fhows, .that few men have that most valuable logical endowment, Individuality +. Cornelius told Martin that a fhoulder of mutton was an individual, which Crambe denied, for he had seen it cut into commons: That's true (quoth the Tutor) but you never faw it cut into fhoulders of mutton: If it could (quoth Crambe) it would be the most lovely individual of the University. When he was told, a fubftance was that which was fubject to accidents; then Soldiers (quoth Crambe) are the most substantial people in the world. Neither would he allow it to be a good definition of accident, that it could be present or absent without the deftruction of the fubject; fince there are a great many accidents that deftroy the subject, as burning does a house, and death a man. But as to that, Cornelius informed him, that there was a natural death, and a logical death; that though a man after

+ "But if it be poffible for the fame man to have di"tinct incommunicable consciousness at different times, "it is without doubt the fame man would at different "times make different perfons. Which we fee is the "fense of mankind in not punishing the mad man for "the fober man's actions, nor the fober man for what "the mad man did, thereby making them two perfons; which is fomewhat explained by our way of fpeaking "in English, when they say fuch an one is not himself, "or is befiles himself." Locke's EfJay on Hum. Underft. B. ii. c. 27

his natural death was not capable of the least pariffi→ office, yet he might still keep his Stall amongst the logical prædicaments.

Cornelius was forced to give Martin fenfible images; thus calling up the Coachman he asked him what he had feen at the Bear-garden? the man answered, he faw two men fight a prize; one was a fair man, a Sergeant in the Guards; the other black, a Butcher; the Sergeant had red Breeches, the Butcher blue; they fought upon a Stage about four o'clock, and the Sergeant wounded the Butcher in the leg. "Mark (quoth Cor"nelius) how the fellow runs through the prædi"caments. Men, fubftantia; two, quantitas ; fair

and black, qualitas; Sergeant and Butcher, rẻ"latio; wounded the other, actio & paffio: fight"ing, fitus; Stage, ubi; two a Clock, quando z "blue and red Breeches, habitus." At the fame time he warn'd Martin, that what he now learn'd as a Logician, he must forget as a natural Philosopher; that tho' he now taught them that accidents inher'd in the fubject, they would find in time there was no fuch thing; and that colour, tafte, fmell, heat, and cold, were not in the things, but only phantafms of our brains. He was forced to let them into this fecret, for Martin could not conceive how a habit of dancing inher'd in a dancingmafter, when he did not dance; nay, he would demand the Characteristicks of Relations: Crambe used to help him out by telling him, a Cuckold, ä lofing gamester, a man that had not din'd, a young heir that was kept fhort by his father, might be all known by their countenance; that, in this laft case, the Paternity and Filiation leave very fenfible impreffions in the relatum and correlatum greateft difficulty was when they came to the Tenth prædicament: Crambe affirmed, that his habitus was more a fubftance than he was; for his cloaths

The

could

could better fubfift without him, than he without his cloaths.

Martin supposed an Univerfal Man to be like a Knight of a Shire or a Burgefs of a Corporation, that represented a great many Individuals. His Father ask'd him, if he could not frame the Idea of an Universal Lord Mayor? Martin told him, that, never having feen but one Lord Mayor, the Idea of that Lord Mayor always returned to his mind; that he had great difficulty to abstract a Lord Mayor from his Fur Gown, and Gold Chain; nay, that the horse he saw the Lord Mayor ride upon not a little disturbed his imagination. On the other hand Crambe, to fhow himself of a more penetrating genius, fwore that he could frame a conception of a Lord Mayor not only without his Horse, Gown, and Gold Chain, but even without Stature, Feature, Colour, Hands, Head, Feet, or any Body; which he supposed was the abftract of a Lord Mayor . Cornelius told him that he was a lying Rascal; that an Univerfale was not the object of imagination, and that there was no fuch thing in reality, or a parte Rei. But I can prove (quoth Crambe) that there are Clyfters a parte Rei, but Clyfters are univerfales; ergo. Thus I prove my Minor. Quod aftum eft inesse multis, is an univerfale by definition: but every clyfter before it is adminiftred has that quality; therefore every clyfter is an univerfale.

He alfo found fault with the Advertisements, that they were not ftrict logical definitions: In an advertisement of a Dog stolen or ftrayed, he said it ought to begin thus, An irrational animal of the

I This is not a fair reprefentation of what is faid in the Effay on Human Underft. concerning general and ab. fra ideas. But ferious writers have done that Philofopher the fanie injuftice.

Genus caninum, &c. Cornelius told them, that tho' those advertisements were not framed according to the exact rules of logical definitions, being only deferiptions of things numero differentibus, yet they contained a faint image of the prædicabilia, and were highly fubfervient to the common purpofes of life; often difcovering things that were loft, both animate and inanimate. An Italian Greybound, of a moufe colour, a white fpeck in the neck, lame of one leg, belongs to fuch a Lady. Greyhound, genus; mouse-colour'd, etc. differentia; lame of one leg, accidens; belongs to fuch a Lady, proprium.

Though I'm afraid I have tranfgreffed upon my Reader's patience already, I cannot help taking notice of one thing more extraordinary than any yet mentioned; which was Crambe's Treatife of Syllogifms. He supposed that a Philofopher's brain was like a great Foreft, where Ideas ranged like animals of feveral kinds; that thofe Ideas copulated, and engendered Conclufions; that when those of different Species copulate, they bring forth monsters or absurdities; that the Major is the male, the Minor the female, which copulate by the Middle Term, and engender the Conclufion. Hence they are called the pramiffa, or Predeceffors of the Conclufion; and it is properly faid by the Logicians quod pariant fcientiam, opinionem, they beget fcience, opinion, etc. Univerfal Propofitions are Perfons of quality; and therefore in Logick they are faid to be of the firft Figure. Singular Propofitions are private perfons, and therefore placed in the third or laft figure, or rank. From those principles all the rules of Syllogifms naturally follow.

I. That'