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ments, for men naturally act from feeling; passion has early predominance, reason does not operate all at once, and when it does, how often do we neglect or even reject its dictates! But it is its province to induce us to quell the ebullitions of the baser passions, to wrest from them the supremacy, and to make them but the handmaids of the soul.

Did men reflect more, and did they but act up to that standard of moral rectitude which conscience presents to them, an uncandid and ungenerous disposition would cease. The love and practice of virtue would so occupy the breast, as to leave no room for any secret jealousy of another's merit, nor for any invidious and irksome cravings for superiority; filled with a quiet and comfortable self-satisfaction, they would have no inducement to make even an indirect attempt to deprive another of his store. Fallible and shortsighted creatures as we are, an uncandid judgment is unreasonable, because, as we cannot take cognizance of the motives and designs of men, our opinions of their outward and visible actions are liable to mistake. Their outward conduct and its effects we observe, but the thoughts and intents of man are concealed from our glance. A want of candour is unreasonable also, because it can have no good effect either upon our own minds or the minds of others: it affords not the gratification we expect from it; it is soon followed by a doubtful suspicion of its injustice, a gloomy conviction of the worthlessness of that heart that can cherish such a propensity, and by a fearful expectation, that others may soon, if they do not already, judge us by our own standard. In those toward whom it is exercised, it produces no reformation, no desire to amend; but it fails not to awake in their bosoms feelings of disapprobation and dislike. In the minds of spectators it excites disrespect, distrust, and disesteem; thus the habitually uncandid person at length loses his associates and acquaintances, unless, indeed, his easy circumstances, a show of splendour, his rank in society, or some other local cause, retain to him the intimacy of those whose specious, yet cold and heartless friendship, is "but a name," and who in the hour of adversity would "leave the wretch to weep."

Did we but remember our common

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descent from the same impure stock, and our common liability to err, the divine command "Judge not" would be better regarded. Almost daily observation teaches the melancholy and humiliating truth, that a long course of upright, and apparently conscientious deportment, is no security against the future commission of some unfortunate, perhaps disgraceful act. Not only the mere moralist, but the real Christian, is sometimes permitted to soil the reputation of a consistent and even exemplary life. Holy writ records errors against Moses, David, Solomon, and others, men peculiarly favoured by heaven; and if such as these were not exempt from crime, how soon may the very best of those now existing stand in need of that charity and candour which it is our bounden duty to exercise toward all mankind.

Perhaps an uncandid disposition is in no instance more quickly and more visibly manifested, than when parties differ upon religious subjects; then it is most irrational, and frequently most mischievous. Not to allude to days now happily gone by, when popes, monks, friars, and executioners were the ministers of religion; when flames and fagots were the emblems of their zeal, and the instruments of its operations; but to confine our observations to our own times, and to our own beloved land, where every one sits under the shade of his own vine and fig-tree, and without fear of legal molestation, worships God according to the dic tates of his conscience; even here what angry disputes still exist! Even now, though Christian love is becoming almost universal, yet what coolness of religious friendship is in too many instances yet found, what calling of names, what unpleasant allusions, and sarcastical expressions, even yet disgrace some of the votaries of religion! But can any thing that bears marks of a persecuting spirit, or that is illiberal in its nature, convince a brother of his error? Does the wrath of man ever work the righteousness of God? No. The only legitimate method of enforcing our own particular views is the energy and solidity of our arguments; their only recommendation is the purity and sanctity of our lives.

It is not probable that the difference of sects and parties will ever altogether cease; it appears hardly desir

able that it should, for a spirit of party produces activity, watchfulness, and examination, and a sort of jealousy, which, if kept within proper bounds, have on the whole a salutary effect; and under proper restrictions party zeal is not incompatible with Christian candour and love; and a difference of sentiment on minor points, neither produces nor implies a disunion of heart and affection.

The disposition we urge, possesses more advantages than are obvious at first view, and its existence implies also the existence of other good and amiable qualities; integrity of principle, suavity of manners, sweetness and cheerfulness of temper, generally distinguish the generous and candid mind. It engages the esteem and even the affections of others in our behalf; they will respect the character and enjoy the society of him who brings with him the recommendation of a benevolent heart. Candour bears the appearance, and is indeed a component part of good nature; this exhibits itself in our looks, manners, aud address; it secures the attention of those with whom we converse, and prepares a good reception for what we may advance; our compliments and encomiums will have a greater value, our friendly admonitions and advice an additional weight.

As this amiable quality of the mind cannot fail to procure friends, so neither can it fail to secure and retain their intimacy. Accidental circumstances may sometimes introduce us to the friendship of individuals, but genuine worth and unaffected kindness can alone insure a continuance of their love. Talents, wit, and humour may dazzle the eyes of the multitude, and obtain the smile of occasional acquaintances, but friendship requires more solid and durable qualifications; it exists not in exterior endowments, its province is the heart. And if a candid man can have enemies, (and from some unfortunate circumstance he may,) how will his candour tend to conciliate existing differences, how will his adversary learn to esteem the man with whom he disputes, and soon, perhaps, without any compromise of justice on the part of the latter, an amicable agreement is effected; and often has the old remark been thus verified, that a few drops of oil have frequently accelerated the

tardy movements of a machine, when a torrent of vinegar would but have corroded its joints, and effectually have stopped its operations?

But the good effects of candour, though satisfactorily felt in the breast of its possessor, are not confined there, they spread and communicate; for our personal influence, however small, and our immediate example, however circumscribed the sphere in which we move, both operate in their degree upon the minds of those among whom wedwell, and are calculated to awaken in them a determination to imitate the conduct of those whose behaviour affords them so much delight.

As candour not only adorns real talent, but even makes up for a deficiency thereof, so it has the effect of encouraging modest and unassuming abilities in others; whilst the youthful mind, diffident of its own merits, and mistrustful of its own powers, shrinks from public exertions and public usefulness, it behoves the candid and discerning to elicit the embryo talent, and to patronize the rising worth. How much society has lost for want of such encouragement, and how much it has gained by a contrary treatment, let the biography of eminent men declare.

By promoting the exercise of this disposition, both by our precepts, influence, and example, we shall not only enjoy the pleasure arising from earnest and well-meant endeavours to do good, but we shall in our degree be the means of bringing the condition of society nearer to the resemblance of that happy state, where the vexations of envy, the voice of detraction, the burnings of malice, the terrors of bloodshed, and the devastations of war, shall give place to feelings of perfect good will, friendship, and concord, to permanent and universal love, to consummate and uninterrupted felicity. And surely he who would be instrumental in introducing these glorious blessings to mankind, must be considered valuable as a harbinger of mercy, and society shall hail him welcome as a herald of peace. Deal. E. B.

ON THE STUDY OF LANGUAGES.
MR. EDITOR.

SIR,-I have hitherto delayed to answer the letter of your correspondent,

in your number of January, col. 102, | improved state of literature, constantly both because more serious occupaon the decline. That man who cantion has totally engaged my attention, not utter a sentence, or give an opiand because I was not without hopes nion, without the introduction of some that some more able hand would have obsolete phrase, or of some learned taken up a controversy, to which I | quotation, ought rather to be regarded must confess myself to be by no means as a solitary victim to literary fanatiequal. And here I must beg leave to cism, than a fair specimen of the mareturn my sincere thanks to your cor- jority of those learned critics and literespondent, for the very handsome | rary genii, with which all quarters of and gentlemanly manner in which he the world at present abound. has answered my letter, but must again repeat, that I saw no reason in his first letter sufficiently substantial to induce me to alter my former opinion on the subject; to which I must | add, that the perusal of his last, has produced no other effect on me, than to convince me, that the opinions I before entertained were far from erro

neous.

Your correspondent has totally misunderstood my concluding observation. I did not allude to the acquirement of one language, but the knowledge of one thing, using the word in its most extensive sense. I should never have made an observation so different to what I myself knew to be real, and I hope that this explanation of my real sentiments will be deemed satisfactory by your correspondent.— I am, Sir, yours, &c.

W- S-, Junr. Lisle Street, June 11, 1825.

GLEANINGS.

If, as men distinguished for literary as well as philosophic knowledge have in all ages asserted, that that which elevates the mind above the | common herd, and teaches it to know its own strength, and to depend on it, rather than on the labours of othersif I say, this hypothesis is to be foundLegal Advice to Shareholders in Joint Stock ed on truth, as who will deny that it is ? | Companies.-Mr. Justice Bayley, in an address -does not a knowledge of the learn- to a jury at the last Northumberland Assizes, ed languages produce the very effects in a cause, "Blackett v. Weare," in which required? I am far from arguing that the defendant was a shareholder in the Mara mere knowledge and study of words rable that those who take shares in Joint gate Steam Yacht Company, said, “ It is desiand phrases can possibly produce such Stock Companies, should make some examinaeffects, but were even mere insipid tion into the solvency of the concerns into which study the only object which a know- they embark. The members of such comledge of the learned languages has in panies are jointly and severally liable for the view, it has there an utility,-it would debts of their respective companies, and those who furnish them with goods can recover the occupy the mind, and prevent the envalue of them from any individual member trance of that which has a tendency they think proper to select. Such is the law to corrupt and harden it. of the country, and I consider it a very beneficial law. In the present case, your verdict must be for the plaintiff."

Your correspondent in his first letter very justly says, that no man can know when he may want a knowledge of the French language, either for purposes of business or information; may not his own remark with equal justice be applied to a knowledge of the classic languages? Can any man say that he shall never want them, or will that man who has had opportunities of learning them, but who has never acquired even a slight knowledge of them, never regret, when he feels his necessity for them, his culpable neglect? There are some instances of scholars who are much better acquainted with "all the ancient stores of Greece and Rome," than with their own vernacuJar language; but their number is comparatively small, and on account of the

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incredible multitudes of small embryo oysters, Oysters. The liquor of the oyster contains covered with little shells, perfectly transparent, swimming nimbly about. One hundred and twenty of these in a row would extend one inch. Besides these young oysters, the liquor contains a great variety of animalcules, five hundred times less in size, which emit a phosphoric light. The list of inhabitants, however, does not conclude here, for, besides these last mentioned, there are three distinct species of long, found in oysters, which shine in the dark worms, called the oyster-worm, half an inch like glow-worms.

Natural History.-The large ants of Africa have been known to strip bare to the bone, the carcass of a cow in a single night. Mr. Abson, the governor of the English fort at Grewbe, in Dahomy, was once reduced to that state of debility by a severe attack of fever, as to be so wholly helpless, that the ants attacked him in the night when lying in bed; and if, fortu

nately, one of his domestics had not awoke, they would have devoured him before morning, so incapable was he of calling for belp, or of struggling with his assailants.-Captain Adams's Remarks on the Coast of Guinea.

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kind, indicate poisonous plants. The calyx double, glume valved, three stamina, two pistils, and naked seed, indicate plants of a farinaceous quality, and fit for food.

Africa-Captain Clapperton, R. N. accomNew Worlds.-The time has arrived when panied by Dr. Wilson, and Captain Pearse, America is to lose the name of New World. accompanied by Dr. Morrison, embarked in There is a newer world than America, whose the Brazen, 28, Captain George Willes, on name is not as yet fixed. It is variously called, Tuesday se'nnight, for the purpose of proceed Australasia, Oceanica, and Polynesia. The ing to the Bight of Benin, and commence their fifth part of the globe is composed of New journey thence into the interior of Africa; the Holland and New Zealand; of New Caledonia former party taking the course of the newlyand the Hebrides; of the New Philippines; of discovered city of Sandon, the latter to TimVan Diemen's Land, the Solomon Isles, the buctoo. Friendly Isles, Navigators' Land, the Society Islands, the Low Islands, and all the islands of the immense Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean. Geography. Two British vessels have been | lately employed in surveying the Persian Gulf, laying down the coast, settling the latitudes of places, &c.

Wild Man.-The German papers state, that a man, apparently about thirty years of age, has been brought to Prague from the Harlswald forest, in Bohemia, where he was found in a perfectly savage state. His actions and habits are those of the ouran-outang; and he appears to be irreclaimable.

Noxious Air in Wine Cellars.-In all wine or beer cellars which are but seldom visited, or, in other words, are not often allowed to have any ventilation of the air, a vessel containing a solution of lime-water, with a wide surface, and placed in the lowest part of the cellar, would serve to absorb part of the carbonic acid gas; whilst it would not in any degree inter- | fere with that equable temperature, which it is desirable to maintain in such situations.

Economical Buildings.-A patent has lately been taken out, by a Mr. Hall, for a cheap mode of building, applicable principally to cottages, schools of industry, &c.; the principal feature of which appears to be that of beat ing a compound of clay, &c. into wooden compartments, which, on being removed, leaves the wall hard, firm, and substantial.-The specifications of the patentee represent his method to be as durable as brick or stone; less pervious to the weather, and consequently warmer in winter, and cooler in summer. specific gravity exceeds that of sand-stone; and it can be carried on in any weather, as well as building with the materials at present in use. The construction proceeds more rapidly in its progress; it requires mere labourers to carry it on; and in cost does not exceed one-fourth that of brick-work. Mr. Hall's plan is now on trial in the vicinity of London, and in some other parts.

Its

Zoology.-Fecundity: So quick is the produce of pigeons, that in the course of four years, 14,700 may come from a single pair; and in the same period of time 1,274,840 from a pair of rabbits. One codfish has been found to contain 3,686,760 eggs; a flounder 1,357,400; a herring 36,960; a sole, 100,362.-Rapid Flight: The rapidity with which the hawk, and many other birds, occasionally fly, is probably not less than at the rate of 150 miles in an hour; the common crow 25; the swallow, 92; and the swift, three-times greater. Migratory birds probably about 50 miles an hour.

Botanical Characteristics.-Five stamina, one pistil, one petal, and the fruit of the berry

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New Quarantine Laws.-The Order in Council for carrying the Quarantine Laws into effect, has been published. The immediate admission of vessels from the Levant, with clean bills of health, can no longer be practised. Such vessels and their passengers must perform a quarantine of fifteen days, and all their goods, wares, and merchandise must undergo the usual airings. Vessels with suspected or foul bills of health, are to perform one of thirty days, and the goods and merchandise to go through all the airings and fumigations which have ever been practised in such cases.

Soda Water, when prepared in the best man. ner, ought to contain a very small portion of carbonate of soda, which has a tendency to correct avidity in the stomach. It should also contain about eight times its own bulk of carbonic acid gas, which is generated in the gasometer from chalk and diluted sulphuric acid. Much that is sold under the name of soda water, contains scarcely any soda, being merely water impregnated with carbonio acid gas, by means of a forcing pump, and conser quently liable to be contaminated by copper, zinc, or lead, according to the vessels in which the condensation is carried on.-A pleasant saline draught is made by dissolving thirty grains of carbonate of soda or potash, and twenty grains of citric acid (acid of lemons) in two separate glasses, mixing them, and then drinking them in a state of effervescence.

Artificial Cold.-The greatest artificial cold that has yet been produced, was effected by the mixture of diluted sulphuric acid with snow, which sunk Fahrenheit's thermometer to minus 90°, or 1230 below the freezing point.

Light and Motion.-It is known by experiment, that every sudden stroke, every rapid motion, impressed on a mass of air which cannot yield with safficient quickness, excites in it a degree of light.

Marine Cravat.-A Mr. Bell, of Alnwick, has invented an instrument to preserve persons from drowning; to which be has given the above appropriate name. It is a cylinder of leather, water-proof, three inches in diame ter, sufficiently long to surround the neck, and fasten behind with a buckle or clasp. It pos sesses a buoyancy sufficient to keep a person's head above water, so that by its use, any one, though unable to swim, might venture into the deepest water, and remain suspended in security.

Action of Sulphur upon heated IronColonel Evasin, Director of the Arsenal at Metz, in a letter to Guy Lussac, states the following experiments:-"I placed a bar of wrought iron, about sixth-tenths of an inch in

thickness, in a common forge, fed by fossil | portion gave a hectolitre of corn more for half coal, and when it was welding hot, I drew it a hectar of land. Afterwards, an equal quanout, and applied to the surface a stick of sul-tity of flour from the wheat of each portion was phur, six-tenths of an inch in diameter. In fourteen seconds, the sulphur had pierced a hole through the iron perfectly circular. Another bar of iron, two inches thick, was pierced in fifteen seconds. The holes had the exact form of the stick of sulphur employed, whether cylindrical or prismatic. They were, however, more regular on the side at which the sulphur came out, than on that to which it was applied." Mechanic's Magazine.

Vegetable Tallow.-A vegetable tallow, extracted, by boiling, from the fruit of the Veteria Indica tree, growing in Canara province, and others on the western coast of the peninsula of India, which sells in Mangalore at about 21d. per pound, and is called by the natives piney tallow, though not used by them for affording light, but medicinally, in plasters, and as a substitute for tar, in paying the bottoms of their boats, has lately been brought to London, in a very hard and tough cake. It can, with facility, be made into mould candles, which afford as bright a light as the best animal tallow, and without any unpleasant smell, even when blown

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The Baltic. A singular and interesting fact has been ascertained respecting the level of the Baltic. It was suspected, that the waters of this sea were gradually sinking; but a memoir in the Swedish Transactions for 1823, has put the change beyond doubt. From latitude 56 to 63 degrees, the observations shew a mean fall of one foot and a half in 40 years, or four-tenths of an inch annually, or 3 feet ten inches in a century. The Baltic is very shallow at present, and if the waters continue to sink as they have done, Revel, Abo, and a hundred other ports, will, by and by, become inland towns; the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, and ultimately the Baltic itself, will be changed into dry land.-Glasgow Mechanic's Mag.

Reaping Corn.-The French claim the merit of a new discovery in the advantages which result from the practice of reaping corn before it is perfectly ripe. This theory, which has just been promulgated by M. Cadet de Vaux, originates with M. de Salles, of the Agricultural Society of Beziers. The following are the particulars:-Corn reaped eight days before the usual time is, in the first place, secured from the dangers which threatened it at that time: this is only accidental; but a positive advantage is, that the grain is fuller, larger, finer, and that it is never attacked by the weevil. The truth of these statements has been proved by the most conclusive comparative experiments upon a piece of corn, one half of which was reaped before the usual time, and the other half, at the degree of maturity fixed by the ordinary practice. The first

made into bread; that of the corn reaped green gave seven pounds of bread more than the other, in six decalitres. Lastly, the weevil attacked the corn which was cut ripe: the other was exempt from it. The proper time for reaping is, that when the grain, on being pressed between the fingers, has a doughy appearance, like the crumb of bread just hot from the oven, when pressed in the same manner. The above fact, however, was first stated, and experiments published in support of it, by a farmer in East Lothian.

Easy methods of Analyzing Flour.-Take a tea-spoonful of flour, putting it into a wine glass, which fill up with clean water, stirring it up well; allow it to stand for half an hour, then decant the milky fluid off the top, which consists of starch in a state of solution. To the remainder add a tea-spoonful of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), which, if it is pure, will dissolve the whole of it: allow it to remain for ten minutes, then fill the glass again with water, when the burnt bones, plaster of Paris, or chalk, will be easily discovered at the bottom. Should the adulteration consist of chalk, a violent effervesence will ensue upon the addition of the acid.-Or, take a small quantity of the suspected flour, put it in an iron spoon, and pass the flame of a candle with a blow-pipe upon it. Should it be pure, it will burn black, but if it contains any of the above-mentioned ingredients, the whole particles will immediately be visible.

Anatomy. Dr. Barry, an English physician, lately read before the Academy des Sciences, at Paris, a memoir of the motion of the blood in the veins. From reasoning, as well as from direct experiments upon living animals, the author of this memoir has been led to conclude, that the return of blood to the heart is caused directly by atmospheric pressure. According to him, a vacuum is formed in the thoracic cavities at the moment of inspiration, which produces upon all the fluids in communication with those parts, the same effect as the ascent of the piston does in the pump. The consequences likely to result from this new doctrine of Dr. Barry's, if established, are stated to be highly interesting to medical men.

Artificial Chalybeate Water. If a few pieces of silver coin be alternated with sheet iron, on placing the pile in water, it soon acquires a chalybeate taste and yellowish hue, and, in twenty-four hours, flakes of oxide of iron appear: hence, by replenishing with water, a vessel, in which such pile is placed, after each draught, we can obtain a substitute for a chalybeate spring.

Huge Timber-ship.-The Baron Renfrew, of 1,400 tons greater burden than the Columbus, has been launched at Quebec. It is calculated that it will carry 8,000 tons of timber.

Steam-ship to India. The first steam-vessel, called the Enterprise, lately left the Thames for India. It is said that government has annexed a reward of £10,000 to the accomplishment of the first voyage to India by steam navigation.

British Colonial Slavery. From a return of the Slave population of the British colonies, it appears, that the slaves of our West India

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