PART V.

NATIONAL PERIOD.

CHAPTER XLVI.

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Washington is inaugurated President.-And the new government organized.-The

country is beset with difficulties.-A cabinet is formed.-The Supreme Court is organ-

ized.-Rhode Island and North Carolina ratify the Constitution.-Washington makes a

tour through New England.-Presidential etiquette.-Hamilton's financial measures.

-The seat of government is fixed.-An Indian war breaks out.-Harmar marches

against the Miamis.-Is defeated on the Maumee.-The Bank of the United States is

established.-Vermont is admitted into the Union.-The first census.-St. Clair is sent

against the Indians.-His army is defeated.—The wrath of Washington.—St. Clair is

superseded by Wayne.-Kentucky is admitted.-Washington re-elected. The foreign

relations of the government are troubled.-Genet's conduct.-Fouchet supersedes

him.-Troubles in the President's cabinet.-Antagonism of Jefferson and Hamilton.-

The whisky insurrection breaks out. Is suppressed by Lee.-Wayne invades the

Indian country.-Defeats the Red men at Waynesfield.-Compels a cession of ter-

ritory. Dies.-Great Britain orders the seizure of American vessels.-Jay procures

reparation and a treaty.-Popular opposition thereto.-The compact with Spain.—

Peace is purchased of Algiers.-Tennessee is admitted.-Washington issues his Fare-

well address.-The candidates for the Presidency.-Adams is elected.-Jefferson for

Vice-President.
363-371.

CHAPTER XLVII.

ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION.

Sketch of John Adams.-Opposition to the new administration.-France demands

an alliance.-Orders the destruction of American commerce.-Pinckney is dismissed.—

The extra session of Congress.-Gerry, Marshall, and Pinckney are sent to France.-

The Directory want money.-Pinckney's answer.-An American army is organized.—

Washington comander-in-chief.-The work of the navy.-Truxtun's victories.---Doings

of Talleyrand.-Napoleon seeks peace. The successful embassy of Murray, Ellsworth,

and Davie.-Death of Washington.-Close of the administration.-Growth of the

country. The Alien and Sedition laws.-Overthrow of the Federal party.-Jefferson

is elected President.-And Burr Vice-President.
372-376.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

Sketch of Jefferson.-He puts Democrats in office.-Ohio is admitted.-Indiana
and Mississippi organized.-Louisiana is purchased from France.-Boundaries.-The
territory of Orleans is set off.-John Marshall in the chief-justiceship.-The Mediter-

ranean pirates.-Preble is sent against them.-The Philadelphia is captured.-Retaker,

and burned. The siege of Tripoli.-Expedition of Eaton.--Yusef signs a treaty.-The

duel of Burr and Hamilton.-Jefferson is re-elected.-Michigan is organized.-Lewis

and Clarke explore Oregon.-Burr makes a conspiracy.--Is tried for treason.-Brit-

ish aggressions on American commerce.-England blockades the coast of France.--

Napoleon retaliates.—Great Britain forbids the coasting trade.-An old abuse revived.

-The rule of 1756 again asserted.—The effect on American commerce.--The English

theory of citizenship.—The object of that theory.-The attack of the Leopard on the

Chesapeake.-Passage of the Embargo Act.-The Orders in Council and Milan Decree.—

Fulton and his steamboat.-Invention of the torpedo.-Summary of events. .376-388.

CHAPTER XLIX.

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE WAR OF '12.

Sketch of the life and previous services of Madison.-His politics.-The Non-

intercourse Act takes the place of the Embargo.-Erskine promises the repeal of the

Orders in Council.-The promise not fulfilled.-Bonaparte makes a decree.-And then

revokes it. Obstinacy of Great Britain.-A crisis is reached.-Third census.-Tecumtha

and the Prophet.-Harrison purchases lands.-Tecumtha refuses to ratify.-Harrison

marches up the Wabash Valley.-Approaches the Prophet's town.-Is attacked by

night. And routs the savages.--Fight of the President and Little Belt.-The twelfth

Congress.-War inevitable.-The President's timid disposition.-Henry's conspiracy is

discovered.—Nature of the plot.—Effect of the disclosure.-British vessels are embar-

goed.-Louisiana is admitted.-War declared against England.-Preparations.-Relative

strength of the belligerents.-Hull's campaign.-He marches to the head of Lake Erie.

-Reaches Detroit.-Invades Canada.-Retreats.-Van Horne's defeat.-Miller's vic-

tory.-Siege of Detroit.-Hull's disgraceful surrender. He is convicted of cowardice.

-Capture and burning of Fort Dearborn.-Character assumed by the war. Sketch of

the American defences.-The Constitution captures the Guerriere.-The Wasp the Frolic.

-The Poitiers the Wasp.-The United States the Macedonian.-The Essex the Nocton.-

And the Constitution the Java.-Effect of these victories.-Comment of the English

newspapers.-Van Rensselaer moves against Queenstown.-Carries the batteries.-

Death of Brock.-The Americans entrench.-But are forced to surrender.-Smyth suc-

ceeds Van Rensselaer.-And makes a fool of himself.-The Americans at Black Rock

cross and recross the river.-Madison re-elected.
388-399.

CHAPTER L.

WAR OF '12.---CONTINUED.

Plan of the campaigns of '13.-The Americans capture Frenchtown.-Are as-
sailed by Proctor.-Surrender.-And are butchered.- Harrison at Fort Meigs.-He
is besieged.-Clay raises the siege.-Proctor and Tecumtha return.-Attack Fort
Stephenson. And are defeated by Croghan.-Affairs on Lake Erie.-Perry builds
a fleet.—Attacks the British squadron.—And gains a signal victory.-Harrison em-
barks his forces to Malden.-Follows the British and Indians to the Thames.-And
routs them in battle.-The Creeks massacre the garrison at Fort Mims.-Jackson
and Coffee with the Tennesseeans.-They burn Tallushatchie.-Battles of Talladega
and Autosse.-Winter and starvation.-Battle of Emucfau.-And Horse Shoe Bend.-
Dearborn proceeds against Toronto.-Battle at the water's edge.-The Americans
capture the town.-The British attack Sackett's Harbor.-The Americans on the
Niagara. They storm Fort George.-Suspension of operations.-Wilkinson is made

commander-in-chief.-Expedition against Montreal.-The battle of Chrysler's Field.

-The expedition is abandoned.-Winter quarters at Fort Covington.-McClure

evacuates Fort George.-Burns Newark.-The British retaliate.-The Hornet captures

the Peacock.-The Chesapeake is taken by the Shannon.-Death of Lawrence.-Cap-

ture of the Argus.-The Enterprise takes the Boxer.-The Essex is captured by the

Phoebe and Cherub.-A British fleet bombards Lewiston.-Marauding in the Chesa-

peake.
400-407.

CHAPTER LI.

CAMPAIGNS OF '14.

Scott and Ripley capture Erie.-Battles of Chippewa and Niagara.—The Amer-

icans retreat to Erie.-Siege of that place by the British.--They are driven off.-Winter

quarters at Black Rock.-Wilkinson again invades Canada.-Is defeated at La Colle.-

And retreats to Plattsburg.-McDonough's squadron on the lake.-The British ad-

vance.-.
-Attack by land and water.-And are defeated.-Cochrane and Ross in the

Chesapeake.-Barney destroys his vessels.-Battle of Bladensburg.-Washington is

captured by the British.-Public buildings burned.-Alexandria pays a ransom.-

Siege of Baltimore.-Ravages in New England.-The Federal peace party.-The Hart-

ford Convention.-Jackson captures Pensacola.-Takes command at New Orleans.-

Approach of the British.-Skirmishing and fighting.-The decisive battle.-Ruin of

Packenham's army.-The news of peace.-Sea-fights afterward.-The treaty of Ghent.

-Great rejoicings.-Terms of the treaty.-Condition of the country.-Rechartering of

the United States Bank.-The Mediterranean pirates again.-Decatur sent out against

them. He captures a Moorish ship.-And then another.-Enters the Bay of Algiers.—

And dictates the terms of peace.-Indiana is admitted.-Liberia founded.-Monroe is

elected President.
407-416.

CHAPTER LII.

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.

The new President and his policy.—The cabinet.-Revival of the country.-De-

mand for the recognition of Hayti.-Treaty with the Northwestern Indians.--Missis-

sippi is admitted. The pirates of Amelia Island dispersed.-The question of internal

improvements arises.—The canal from Buffalo to Albany.-The Seminole war breaks

out.-Jackson invades the hostile country.-Captures St. Marks.—Hangs Arbuthnot and

Ambrister.-Takes Pensacola.-An excitement follows.-Which leads to the cession of

Florida. Great financial crisis of 1819.--Illinois is admitted.-And Alabama.-Ar-

kansas is organized.—And Maine admitted.—And Missouri.-The slavery agitation.—

And Missouri Compromise.-Its terms.--Monroe and Tompkins are re-elected.--Com-

modore Porter suppresses piracy in the West Indies.-Sympathy of the United States

for the South American republics.-The Monroe Doctrine.-The visit of La Fayette.—

Excitement attending the presidential election.-John Quincy Adams chosen. 416-423.

CHAPTER LIII.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION.

Sketch of the President.-Partisan opposition in Congress.-Internal improve-
ments favored by the executive.-Trouble with Georgia about the lands of the Creeks.
-Settled by a treaty.-Death of Adams and Jefferson.-The Masonic excitement in

New York.-Discussion of the tariff in Congress.-A protective duty laid on fabrics.-

A new departure in American history.-Adams renominated for the Presidency.-Gen-

eral Jackson put forward by the Democrats.-And elected.

CHAPTER LIV.

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

423-426.

Sketch of Jackson's life and character.-He fills the offices with his political

friends -Opposes the rechartering of the United States Bank.-And vetoes the bill.-

The new political organization.—Sketch of parties.-The tariff question again.-South

Carolina attempts nullification.-Debate of Webster and Hayne.-The President's proc-

lamation.-South Carolina recedes from her position. Mr. Clay's tariff compromise.—

The Black Hawk war breaks out.-Generals Scott and Atkinson are sent against the

Red men.-
.—Who are driven to submission.-The difficulty with the Cherokees.—Char-

acter of that race.-The wrongs done to them.-Scott compels their removal to the

West.--A second Seminole war.-The arrest of Osceola.-His release and conspiracy.-

Dade's massacre.-Murder of General Thompson.-Clinch fights the savages and re-

treats.-Gaines defeats the Indians on the Withlacoochie.--Battle of the Wahoo Swamp.

--A second fight.--The President orders the distribution of the funds.-A panic follows.

-The President is vituperated.-Is censured by Congress.-But re-elected.--He brings

France and Portugal to terms.-Death-list of eminent men.-Fires in New York and

Washington.-Arkansas and Michigan admitted into the Union.-Jackson's farewell

address.-Van Buren elected President.

426-436.

CHAPTER LV.

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION.

Sketch of the new executive.--Another monetary disturbance.-Continuance of the

Seminole war.--Colonel Taylor hunts the savages to Lake Okeechobee.--Defeats them.

--And compels submission.—The financial panic of '37.-Causes which led thereto.--

Especially the Specie Circular.--The banks suspend.-Tremendous failures.-Treasury

notes are issued.-The Independent Treasury Bill is discussed.--And finally passed.—

Partial revival of business.-The Canada insurrection.--Affair of the Caroline.-Wool is

sent to the Niagara.-Order is restored.-An early presidential canvass.—Uneventful

character of Van Buren's administration.-The sixth census.-General Harrison is

elected President.
436-440

CHAPTER LVI.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER.

Sketch of the President's life.-He enters upon his duties.-Falls sick.-And dies.
-Tyler succeeds to the Presidency.-Sketch.-Repeal of the Independent Treasury
Bill.-A bill is passed to recharter the United States Bank.-And vetoed by the Presi-
dent. The bankrupt law.-Rupture between the executive and Congress.-Resignation
of the cabinet.-The north-eastern boundary is settled by the Webster-Ashburton treaty.
-The Rhode Island insurrection. The suffrage party elects Dorr.-And the law-and-
order party, King.--The latter is supported by the government.-Dorr's followers are
scattered. And himself convicted of treason.-But afterward pardoned.-Building and
dedication of Bunker Hill monument.-The Van Rensselaer land troubles in New
York. The Mormons.-They are driven from Missouri.-Found Nauvoo.--Popular
feeling against them.-Smith and his brother are murdered.-And the Mormons driven

into exile. They journey to Salt Lake.-The Texas excitement begins.-Outline of

Texas history.--The people rebel against Mexico.-Battle of Gonzales.-Capture of the

Alamo. And massacre of the garrison.-The battle of San Jacinto decides the contest.

-Texas independent.--Seeks admission into the Union.-Is refused at first.—The peo-

ple of the United States divide on the question of annexation.-On that issue Polk

is elected President.-Professor Morse and the telegraph.-Texas admitted into the

Union.
440-447.

CHAPTER LVII.

POLK'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE MEXICAN WAR.

Sketch of President Polk.-Texas ratifies the annexation.-General Taylor sent to

defend the country.--The boundary question.-Proposition to negotiate.-Mexico

refuses. Taylor ordered to the Neuces.--And thence to the Rio Grande.-He estab-

lishes a post at Point Isabel.--And builds Fort Brown.--Beginning of hostilities by the

Mexicans.--Taylor retires to Point Isabel.-Mexican boasting.-Returns toward Mata-

moras.--,
--Meets the Mexicans.--Fights and gains the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de

la Palma.-Siege of Fort Brown.-News of the battles in the United States.--Declaration

of War.--Plan of the campaigns.-General Wool musters the forces.--Taylor captures

Matamoras.-Advances against Monterey.-Besieges and storms the town.-An armis-

tice.--Santa Anna made President of Mexico and general of the army.--Saltillo is taken

by Worth.-Victoria by Patterson.--And Tampico by Conner.-Wool advances.-And

Scott assumes command.-Kearney captures Santa Fé.-Moves westward.-Is joined by

Carson. And marches to the Pacific coast.--The deeds of Colonel Fremont.--Rebellion

of the Californians.—They defeat the Mexicans.-Monterey, San Diego, and Los Angelos

taken. Battle of San Gabriel.--The march and battles of Colonel Doniphan.--Taylor's

and Wool's forces ordered to the coast.-Critical condition of Taylor's army.-Ap-

proach of Santa Anna.-Battle of Buena Vista.-Retirement of Taylor from the

service. Scott besieges and captures Vera Cruz.-Marches against the capital.-Battle

of Cerro Gordo.-Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla are taken.-Negotiations.-The march

renewed.—The army passes the Cordilleras.—Reaches Ayotla.-Turns to the left.—The

approaches and fortifications of the city.-Storming of Contreras and San Antonio.—

Churubusco is carried.—The Mexicans driven back to Chapultepec.-More foolish nego-

tiations. Scott rests his army.—And then advances.-Molino del Rey and Casa de

Mata are stormed.-Chapultepec is taken.-Flight of the Mexican government.-The

American army enters the city.-Santa Anna attacks the hospitals at Puebla.-Is driven

off by General Lane.-Downfall of the Mexican authority. The treaty of Gaudalupe

Hidalgo. Its terms.-Settlement of the Oregon boundary.-The international line es-

tablished on the forty-ninth parallel.-The discovery of gold in California.-The excite-

ment which ensued.- Importance of the mines.-Founding of the Smithsonian Institu-

tion.-Death of Jackson and John Quincy Adams.—Wisconsin is admitted.—Establish-

ment of the Department of the Interior.-The canvass for President.-Rise of the Free

Soil party. The Wilmot proviso.-Election of Taylor to the presidency. 447-462.

CHAPTER LVIII.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND FILLMORE.

Sketch of the chief magistrate.-The question of slavery in California.-A terri-
torial government is organized.—A petition for admission. The controversy in Con-
gress. Other political vexations.-Clay as a peace-maker.-Passage of the Omnibus
Bill.--And its provisions.-Death of the President.-The slavery excitement subsides.