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General literature.-Brugmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik, 12 728-739, 790-792; Bartholomae, Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, I 16-18, 165 seq., 187 seq.; Hübschmann, 'g', gh' im sanskrit und iranischen,' KZ. XXIII 384-400 (for the Anc. Pers., 395-398); Persische Studien, 198-214, 220-224; Foy, 'Die indg. gutturalen spiranten im Altpersischen,' KZ. XXXV 15-29. The inscriptions of the Anc. Pers. show a rather frequent confusion in their employment of s and 6, and of 2 and d. An attempt is here made to decide whether this confusion is due to dialectic differences or to a phonetic coincidence in the Anc. Pers. of s and e, and of z and d. The material offered by the inscriptions has been given as completely as possible, and it has been done independently either of Hübschmann or of Foy, to both of whom, however, I have been frequently indebted otherwise, as will appear in my citations below. The somewhat analogous case of the representation in Anc. Pers. of Iranian sp by sp or s also calls for attention, and it may be most conveniently discussed after a treatment of s and z. A. s and 0. Literature.-Sievers, Grundzüge der Phonetik', 119 seq.; Braune, IF. IV 341 seqq.; in Sanskrit: Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, I 239-242; in younger Avesta (not common): Jackson, Avesta Grammar, 29; Caland, KZ. XXXIII 463 seq.; in Lakonic: Meyer, Griechische Grammatik3, 289 seq. Material.-The material given by the inscriptions with regard to s and is as follows: 1. s. ayasată [cf. under Bh. i. §12], aruvastam [NRb. 4], ardastāna, asman, asti, isu [W B. išu, cf. Justi, ZDMG. L 663 seq.], upastā, usatašana, √ xšnās, gastā, √tars, eastanaiy, dāsyaman [WB. dārayątā; Justi, ZDMG. L 663 seq., dāsyamā], nisāya, Npars, pasă, pasāva, pārsa, pisă, basta, ras, răsta, vaumisa, vasiy, saka, skuka, san [doubtful; WB. substitute for its occurrences (Bh. iv. 71, 73, 77) √ kan], √ sar [Bh. iii. 91. This is the reading of Rawlinson and Spiegel; WB. ākariyątām], sar[ā] [? see Jackson, JAOS. XX 55], sikayauvati, suguda, sugda, skudra, star [?], stā, stānam, sparda [or saparda; cf. on this word below]. 2. 6. aoagaina, aoiy [WB. rightly abiy in Bh. i. 91], aoiyabaušana, abura, amuba, avalā, xšāyabiya, gaisā, gātu, buvam, baigrači [so after Justi, ZDMG. LI 242 seq.], eakatā, satagu, Noad, Noah, ouxra, ouravāhara, barda, niya@ārayam, duvaroi, paoi, parlava, mabišta, yabā, vie, viša, viêiya. Discussion.-Aside from combinations of consonants, where s is invariably written, we have the following classification of the material just collected: 1. a. s = Iran. s = Indog. sk(h) in ayasată [see under Bh. i. §12], √ xšnās, ras, and according to a verbal suggestion of Prof. Jackson in sara- NRa. 52, which he compares with Sk. chala (cf. Gk. okodiós, Lat. scelus, and for the phonology Jackson, Av. Gramm. 49; Wackernagel, Altind. Gramm. I 155 seq.). Oppert, JA., 4 sér., XIX 168, suggested sarană, but he compared Sk. śárana instead of chalana. [Professor Jackson's discussion of sara has now appeared in JAOS. XX 55.] b. s= C. s = Iran. s = Indog. kh in san [Bartholomae, KZ. XXVII 367; Stud. zur indog. Sprachgeschichte, II 53 seq.]. d. s = Iran. sẽ in pasă, pasāva [cf. Bartholomae, Stud. zur indog. Sprachgeschichte, II 50 f.; Hübschmann, Pers. Stud. 209; also below under sp]. e. s = Iran. er = Indog. tr in vaumisa [Hüsing, Die iranischen Eigennamen in den Achämenideninschriften, 13, 15, 18, 33]. Cf. also 'Aσidárns for *aơi°, Justi, Iran. Namenb. 43. f. s = Iran. st = Indog. dt in usatašana [WB. ustašana]. g. s = Iran. š in isu [WB. išu] (compare, however, Justi, ZDMG. L 663 seq.). s occurs in the foreign proper names nisaya [Median], saka [see Müller, WZKM. VII 258], sikayauvati [Hüsing, 27, reads Sikayahvati], suguda, sugda, sparda [Benfey and Rawlinson understood by this word Sparta; Spiegel, the Sepharad of Obadiah 20, which the Vulgate renders in Bosphoro. Lassen, ZKM. VI 50 referred to Ɛápdeus <*σyapd°. This is well defended by Meyer, IF. I 326-329, who compares also the form Evápis of Johann. Lydus, De mens. iii. 14; cf. also Müller, WZKM. II 93 seq., and Nöldeke, ibid. 92. This is the identification which I adopt. Oppert, Le peuple... des Mèdes, 164, supposes Sparda to be "Lycie, conservée dans le grec Sarpedon," but Lewy, Semitische Fremdwörter im Griechischen, 193 seq., assigns a Semitic origin to Sarpedon]. i. s is of doubtful origin in the word pisa, which is of unknown signification (Bh. v. 25). 2. a. ♦ Iran. s = Indog. A in aeągaina, baigrači, sakatā, Noad, Noah, buxra, Ouravahara, barda, mališta, vie, vioiya. b. ♦ = Iran. = Indog. th in amusa, avaṣā, xšāyabiya, gaisā, gaou, ouvam, duvarei, pabi, yabā. C. e Iran. sr in niyasarayam [?]. Iran. s in the foreign names abiyābaušana [Hüsing, 20; Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, 50], abura, batagu. Results from the Anc. Persian.-Iranian s initially is in general represented by e, excepting in the roots sar and san (both rather doubtful). Again, s arising from is retained before i only in vasiy in contrast with mališta and vieiya. But this double rendering of s before i is in itself a confirmation of our right to assume a like mutual interchange of s and before a [against this view Hübschmann, Pers. Stud. 209]. An additional example of |