REPORTS.

HERMES, Vol. XXXIV.

J. Kromayer, Zur Geschichte des II. Triumvirats. VII. Dio's account of Actium is alone reliable, for Plutarch is unfair to Cleopatra. Octavian had completely blockaded Antony's fleet, and, by refusing a land battle, forced him to fight by sea. Antony's desire was to escape; so he burned part of his ships, and took with him the large sails, his best troops and all his treasures. Octavian secured the advantage by drawing him into. deep water, where his own swift ships could manoeuvre, and Cleopatra, foreseeing defeat, escaped with the treasure. Neither she nor Antony was false to the fleet, but saved what they could. Rich Egypt, strengthened by Syrian and African troops, was their surest refuge.

U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Zum Oedipus des Sophokles. Oedipus is free from all guilt before and during the action of the play, but is the victim of an evil daíμwv; Kreon is an intolerable pedant and Pharisee. In 425 read oo' égioσes, referring to what his curses bring to his sons. Oedipus speaks the concluding verses for contrast with the proud prologue; the usual ending by the chorus is merely mechanical. The metrical irregularity of 1303 is justified by the excitement of the speaker. alopa in 1264 is a hanging shelf for the toilet. In 1091 read oé ye tòv natpiάtav; τροφόν and μητέρα are distinct from Cithaeron; αὔριον is the subject of age. 906 refers to a collection of oracles still existing in Sophocles' time. In 1280 read μovoúμeva.

G. Kaibel, Longinus und die Schrift #epi vous. Cassius Longinus, the pupil of Ammonius Sakkas, was a critic rather than a philosopher; he was a rhetorician, and, after a fashion, a philologian. He was a pedant who lacked poetry and a sense of beauty. His style, like his criticism, is clear, simple, correct, but tiresome. No word above the ordinary level, no flush of enthusiasm, no flash of wit or humor. And yet this is the man to whom F. Marx (Wien. Stud. XX 169) has ascribed a work so full of charm and individuality, so rich in thought and so powerful in language as the treatise Tepi vous. The double superscription shows that the authorship was a guess, and the style runs counter to the precepts of the Atticism to which Longinus did homage. This genius that disdains the trammels of style, this opulence of language, this wealth of figures and ideas, this deep penetration into the beauty of a poetic expression, this delight in possession,

in comprehension, in sympathy, would have seemed to Longinus and his like the ravings of a drunken man. The sphere of the Tepi vous is unlike the sphere of Longinus, who is capable of admiring the jejune rhetorician, Aristeides. The complaints of the artificial style of the times remind us of Quintilian. The ascription of the decline of oratory to the loss of freedom and the materialistic tendencies of the age recalls Seneca, Petronius, Tacitus. The epigrammatic style smacks of the time when Pliny would write a whole letter for the sake of a single point. In fact, everything indicates an author of the early Empire.

W. G. Hale, Der Codex Romanus des Catullus. Coluccio Salutati obtained a copy of the lost Verona MS, from which about 1374 R was made, later G and O. The second class is derived mainly from R, but also from G, M being perhaps a direct copy of R. The archetype YD Ricc. 606 belongs to the BAV group.

H. Dessau criticises Arnim's chronology of Chrysostom's life. The date of Or. 43 is 105 or 106. Plin. Ep. 9. 37 was written in Aug. 107.-Th. Mommsen. The Roman loan to Salamis in 56 B. C. at first bore 4 per cent. a month, but after four years was reduced to I per cent. This makes 106 talents by compound interest (perpetuae usurae), but the creditors claimed 4 per cent. for the whole six years, which gives 200. The exclusion of freedmen from public office in the later Empire is due to Diocletian.-L. Schmidt derives Langobardi from barda 'axe,' and doubts the existence of confederations among the migrating Germans.-Th. Reinach. L. Corn. Lentulus L. f. was proconsul of Cilicia (not Macedonia) in 83-81 B. C.-L. Mitteis discusses legal details in the Oxyrhynchos papyri. In No. 34 the Navaiov is the native village registry, the Adpiavn the Roman provincial record-office. The amoλoyiorai made a convenient book of extracts, the Eikoviσrai full copies for the archives.

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B. Keil, Zur Thessalischen Sotairosinschrift. This should read τῶν πολιτάων οἱ πλέον]ες ὑλωρέοντος Φιλονίκω Υιος Θητώνιοι ἔδωκαν and ἀπολόμενα ἔσωσε· Ορέσταο Φερεκράτεος λέξαντος . . . Υιος is son of γιs and Θητώνιοι appears in Steph. Βyz. Θηγώνιον; only an independent state could grant evepyeoia and dovλía. The Thessalian ayopavóμos was any magistrate who presided over the assembly. πроɣειротоvía, a custom of Ionian origin, is the decision of matters on the official docket, which came before (πрó) the rest.

U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Lesefrüchte. In Parm. 3 read δαίμονες, ἢ κατὰ πάντα τατή. The story of Angelos in the Theocritus scholia is taken from Sophron, who sometimes treated myths and fables. About 300 A. D. Athenian rhetoricians adopted the accentual in place of the quantitative principle in composition, though Longinus opposed the movement. The fiction of Cleobulina as maker of riddles is due to Cratinus' Kλeoßovλîvai and

suggested by Cleobulus' success in this field. The Minyas, which told of Orpheus' return from Hades, first introduced the figure of Charon; he was a euphemism for Death, and appeared as a fierce dog. His function as ferryman comes later.

H. Willrich, Der Alexandersarkophag von Sidon. This shows us the lion-hunt of Krateros, near Sidon, with the hunter at the right. The king in the murder-scene is a Cyprian. The occupant of the tomb was Kophen, son of Artabazus; his beard, dress and features prove him a Persian, and his father's intimacy with Philip permitted him to join the hunt. Being a half-breed, the linen wrapping of his body is not so strange. Issus is depicted, since there his career began; the other battles are Gaza and the campaign of Antigonus against Eumenes in 317.

A. Rehm, Zu Eratosthenes. The Catasterismi were not scholia to Aratus, but an independent work written in Alexandria, which contained both myths and star-lists, and whose terminology and arrangement by zones appears in the list of Maass. It has been much interpolated from Hipparchus, and in its account of Capricornus was influenced by Epimenides, of Sagittarius by Sositheus. It was the first work to provide all constellations with myths.

G. Busolt, Plutarchs Nikias und Philistos. Plutarch follows mainly Thucydides, but also uses Theopompus until the Sicilian expedition; then he draws from Philistus, whose work, though based on Thucydides, was embellished by his own reminiscences and treated from the Syracusan point of view, with some criticism of Nicias. The references to prophecy are from Timaeus.

W. Heraeus emends the scholia of Servius.-H. Willrich. Philip of Macedon was killed at the instigation of the Lyncestae, who hoped, with the aid of Persia, to regain power. Antipater's prompt measures to protect Alexander show that he feared them and knew Olympias to be innocent. The inscription of BCH. X 299 belongs to the Mithridatic period; the embassy of 1. 18 was sent in March, 81 B. C., that of 1. 29 was due to Murena.-C. de Boor. Vat. 96 is the archetype of all MSS of Johannes Antiochenus, and its notation of érépa apxatoλoyía against the Salmasian excerpts proves them spurious.-F. Blass comments on CXIX of the Oxyrhynchus papyri.-A. Jahn publishes an essay of Michael Psellus on Plato's Phaedrus.-G. Kaibel. In Sophr. Frag. 166 a superstitious man speaks of the magic buckthorn; fables in Sophron are not proved.

H. von Arnim, Zum Leben Dios von Prusa. Or. 13 shows that Dio's patron was Flavius Sabinus, for evdaμóvwv te kai ápɣóvτWV must refer to Domitian. Sabinus was executed in 82, while Domitian's anger was fresh, and before the Chatti war of 83 the emperor had married Julia, Sabinus' wife. The reference to delatores in Or. 46 puts it in Vespasian's reign. The dates of

Or. 43 (101) and 48 (102) appear from allusions to the Bithynian revolt provoked by Bassus.

W. Kolbe, Zur Vorgeschichte des Peloponnesischen Krieges. Epigraphic lists of generals show that Kallias, Proteas, etc., belong to 432/1. As Kallias must have started about forty days (Thuc. I 65) after the Chalcidian revolt, but could not serve till Aug. 432, the revolt began about July 1. The events between this date and Sybota can not be put into the space between May and July, so the battle was fought in the previous autumn. Kolbe dates CIA. IV 179 in 432/1 and supplies many lacunae.

E. Schwartz. Tyrtaios. The second Messenian war must be dated about 500 B. C., as appears from Rhianus, Plato (Leg. 698 E) and an Olympic inscription (No. 252). The historians misunderstood Tyrtaeus (Fr. 5) and followed Herodotus, whom the Spartans had deceived. Hira is the same as Abeia. Its supposed location in the Arcadian mountains is due to Epaminondas' desire to connect it with Andania, the centre of Messenian religion. The plain of Stenyclarus belonged to Sparta after 736, that of Pherae as early as 800. Aristomenes was a Helot bandit, round whom many legends gathered. Pausanias follows an obscure Messenian, who drew from Myron. The poems of Tyrtaeus were written by a laconizing Athenian during the Peloponnesian war; much is borrowed from Solon and Athenian rhetoric, while we miss the Dorian pride of birth and love of sports.

C. F. W. Müller in Pl. Truc. reads 330 opperiar usque dum. satis, 360 Ubi <cras> cenabis, 406 quae me caram item ut sese, 856 tonstrice matris mulcata, 862 Redhiberi vis, me alienare, 932 <si> ad, 954 quid tumes ?—non succinctus ambulo, tumes referring to the purse hanging from his neck.-R. Kunze publishes an anonymous Greek MS from Dresden. The subject treated is astronomical, and the date 1300-1492.-F. Bechtel gives a list of new proper names in vol. III of Inscr. Gr. Insul. Mar. Aeg., and suggests that 'Arárn is the name of a girl whose father had expected the birth of a son.-P. Wendland cites many passages from Hippolytus on Antichrist to uphold the authority of E(broicensis) R(emensis) against H(ierosolymitanus).-P. Stengel explains éápaodai demáeσow, 'to take a libation (from the bowl) with the cups.' The wine was not mixed for each offering, nor did the cups need to be full each time. The libation was poured when prayer was offered, but not necessarily before each meal.— B. Keil reads κορύφαις ἐν ἄγναις in Alc. 5.

R. Heinze, Petron und der griechische Roman. The work of Petronius blends the Menippean satire with a parody of the Greek novel. Hence the tragic scenes, the imitation of the Odyssey, the rhetorical pathos. Hence the monologues, the dialogues, the forensic debates, the versified descriptions, the frequent saws. As in the novel, the lovers, Encolpius and Giton, wander in suffering,

and their beauty, through divine intervention, attracts many unwelcome lovers. The original element in the Greek novel is neither the sophistic nor the ethnographic, but the erotic, in which form it early found an independent development.

B. Niese, Zur Geschichte Arkadiens. The time consumed in negotiating for the accession of Tegea and other cities and the duties claiming Epaminondas' attention put the founding of Megalopolis later than 370, while the sending of Pammenes and the silence of Xen., Plut., Diod., point to some time after the Theban invasion, probably 367. The city was not intended for a capital, but to strengthen a rural district, and did not at first include Pallantion and Asea.-The Phylarchus decree (Ditt. 106) belongs to 255-245 B. C. The Magnesian inscription (Ditt.2 258) does not prove the renewal of the Arcadian league, for Philopoemen, the Megalopolitan, was ever a faithful servant of the Achaean confederacy.

U. von Wilamowitz Moellendorff, Lesefrüchte, criticises Jahnke's Statius scholia and Radermacher's Dionysius, comments on Lydus de mens., and defends doubiav in Lycoph. 245. Theoc. VII 71-72 refers to places in Cos, and Ar. Rhet. 1384 b 13 to a statesman Heurippides. Rhet. ad Alex. is not by Anaximenes, and the Epist. ad Alex. was written by a different author before 300 B. C. Satyrus, the Peripatetic, lived at Philopator's court. In Ar. Lys. the women get water (328) from Kallirhoe (cf. 378); this supports Dörpfeld's topography.

E. Schwartz arranges in order the contents of Timaeus' history. -S. Waszynski. The public slaves in Athens were punished as well as protected by the magistrate under whose oversight they were, but were tried in court for more serious offences. They were crowned or even freed for special services by decree of the people.-G. Sorof. Xenophon presents Proxenus and Menon (Anab. II 6) as types of vóμos and puois, drawing largely from Plato's Gorgias and Menon, though painting a truer picture of the latter's character, and making some use of Thucydides (III 82-83). All three authors derive their views from Antiphon, the sophist.-J. Heinemann claims that our Theognis collection consists of verses by Theognis united with a selection from different authors, Theognis included, which omits political allusions and was orally transmitted.-J. Oeri gives Ar. Plut. 1030 to the old woman as a question.-P. Stengel. Eur. Phoen. 1255 ff. shows that soothsayers observed in what direction the gall spattered, the intensity and height of the flame.-F. Boll. The star Knρúkιov is a staff in the hand of Orion.-C. Robert supplies the lacunae at the end of Euripides' Bacchae, putting Agave's lament after V. 1300. BARKER NEWHALL.