NOTES. 'O for a muse of fire, that would ascend A kingdom for a stage, princes to act, Leash'd in like hounds, should famine, sword, and fire, 371 Burke evidently assumed that the passage was well-known to his readers. P. 164, 1. 26. Which has so often stormed Heaven, and with a pious violence forced down blessings,' &c. St. Matthew xi. 14. 'Regnum cœlorum violenza pate Da caldo amore è di viva speranza Dante, Paradiso, Canto xx. l. 94. 'By tears, and groans, and never ceasing care Young's Last Day, Book ii. 'We by devotion borrow from his throne, P. 165, 1. 9. Freinshemius. The continuator of the Roman historian Livy. 1. 29. Never, no never, &c. Nunquam aliud natura, aliud Sapientia dixit.' Juvenal. 1. 33. of Belvedere. The Belvedere palace at Rome. universal robber. Bonaparte, who during the past year had stripped the states of North Italy in succession of their choicest art-treasures as part of the price of peace. P. 166, 1. 2. Vehement passion does not, &c. Addison, Spectator, No. 408: 'We may generally observe a pretty nice proportion between the strength of reason and passion The weaker understandings have generally the weaker passions.' 1. 11. If ever there was a time that calls on us for no vulgar conception of things, and for exertions in no vulgar strain. This sincere and solid compliment I would pay them (the French people and commanders), of saying and showing, that we must omit no human preparations which the heart and head of man can contrive and execute.' Sheridan, Speech on Traitorous Correspondence, &c., April 28, 1798. 1. 21. De la Croix. The minister who conducted the negotiations with Lord Malmesbury. P. 167, 1. 3. His Majesty has only to lament. A poor possession to be left to a great monarch: 'invenietque Nil sibi legatum praeter plorare, suisque.' P. 168, 1. 26. former declaration. The Whitehall Declaration. See ante, p. 44. P. 169, 1. 27. Regicide fleet. A fleet of seventeen vessels sailed from Brest in December, 1796, for a descent upon Ireland, relying on the support of the inhabitants. It retreated to France without landing any troops. Seven ships were lost by a storm. Hoche lost his way, and got back to Brest several days after the rest of his fleet, after being hotly pursued by Lord Bridport. P. 170, 1. 14. practised assassin Hoche. The allusion is to the execution of the invaders at Quiberon. Driven by the national army to an isolated rock, and unable to escape to the British ships, all surrendered and were shot. Many of the wretched émigrés who thus perished were personally known to Burke. P. 172, 1. 24. mask of a Davus or a Geta, Characters of slaves in the Roman comedy. P. 174, 1. 2. hypothecated in trust. By the Treaty of Peace with Prussia, concluded at Basle April 5, 1795, the left bank of the Rhine was to be occupied by the French pending a general pacification. The French evacuated the Prussian territories on the right bank. 1. 13. Lucchesini. An Italian adventurer who had ingratiated himself with Frederick the Great, and had ever since been a diplomatist of high repute. It was he who negotiated for Prussia after the battle of Jena. 1. 21. Prince of Peace. Properly, Prince of the Peace,' a title conferred on Godoy in honour of the disgraceful peace negotiated by him between France and Spain, July 22, 1796. By this peace, the Spanish part of St. Domingo, and the Spanish possessions in North America were ceded to France. 1. 25. Tetrarch. So called by Burke, contemptuously, from his holding his crown on the sufferance of the Republic. Cp. post, p. 293, 1. 29. The Sardinian king saved his crown by suing for mercy at the first irruption of Bonaparte in 1796. He ceded to the French Savoy and Nice, together with the right of occupying Coni, Ceva, Tortona, Alessandria, and six less important fortresses, and the right of passing and repassing through his dominions at any time. P. 175, l. 10. admission of French garrisons. The fate of Genoa had been clear since the first occupation of its soil in 1794. The French easily democratized the old commonwealth, and in May of this year (1797) it was abolished and replaced by a 'Ligurian Republic,' which had a Directory and Councils like France. 1. 14. early sincerity. The Grand-Duke of Tuscany, weak in mind and insignificant in position, created general amusement by being the first member of the alliance to detach himself from it. This he did early in 1795. 1. 21. placed Leghorn, &c. Leghorn was seized by the French in June, 1796, notwithstanding the peace made by the Grand-Duke. They expected to seize abundance of English property, and, disappointed in this, pillaged their own allies. P. 176, l. 7. ' murdering piece.' The technical name for this species of pictures; like 'landscape.' 1. 18. sunk deep into the vale, &c. Pius VI was over eighty years of age. 1. 34. regenerated law. Burke alludes to the revival of the study of Civil Law at Bologna. P. 177, l. 1. hideously metamorphosed. In 1798 the same process was extended to Rome itself. 1. 7. work which defied the power, &c. The drainage of the Pontine marshes had been attempted at intervals by several Popes: but no progress was made until the time of Pius VI, who restored the canal of Augustus and constructed the modern road on the line of the Appian way. It is not correct to say that the same task defied the engineers of ancient Rome. Their works had fallen into decay. P. 178, l. II. at all times—powerful squadron. The Mediterranean had been evacuated by the British squadron employed on that station in consequence of the demands of the war in the West Indies. 1. 15. despotic mistress of that sea. 'The Mediterranean a French lake.' P. 179, 1. 5. himself the victim, &c. The allusion is to the assassination of Gustavus (JII) by Ankarström, March 16, 1792. 1. 12. late Empress-new Emperor. Catherine II had died Nov. 17, 1796, leaving Paul I her successor. Burke's expectations from Paul were justified. The unprincipled aggressions of France after the peace of Campo Formio drew him into the alliance: and the tide of events on the continent was first changed by the Italian campaign in 1799, in which Suwarrow bore so important a part. P. 180, 1. 19. As long as Europe, &c. Though the possessory interest of Europe in America has practically ceased, time has confirmed Burke's diplomatic dictum that America is to be considered as part of the European system.' 1. 23. attempts to plant Jacobinism instead of liberty. The allusion is to the arrogant bearing and intrigues of the French envoy in the United States, where the French confidently hoped to Jacobinize the government as in Holland and Genoa. The Directory instructed their representative to take no notice of Washington, and to appeal to the people. P. 181, l. 26. if any memory, &c. The qualification was necessary. This antiquated distinction of parties, fading early in Burke's career (cp. vol. i. p. 4, l. 10), was now mere matter of history. P. 182, 1. 1. by their union have once saved it. An ingenious account of the desertion of the Portland Whigs, with Burke at their head, in 1792. 1. 19. other party. The followers of Fox. P. 183, 1. 32. distinguished person. Lord Auckland, a shrewd man bred to the law, had risen to some eminence as a diplomatic agent of Mr. Pitt's. P. 187, 1. 30. when the fortune of the war began to turn. In 1793. P. 188, l. 15. noble person himself. Lord Auckland. In the debates of the early part of 1795 he had opposed the peace proposals. 1. 24. no foundation for attributing, &c. Lord Auckland sent to Burke a copy of the pamphlet on the day of its publication (Oct. 28, 1795), with a note confessing the authorship, but stating that as regards the public he neither sought to avow the publication nor wished to disavow it. Burke's remarks on the authorship were therefore justifiable. 1. 32. riggs of old Michaelmas. Stormy weather about that time. (Rigs capricious tempests.) P. 189, 1. 5. Speech from the throne. The speech on the opening of the Session in 1795. P. 191, 1. 30. As to our Ambassador, this total want of reparation for the injury was passed by under pretence of despising it. It is the cowish terror of his spirit That dares not undertake: he'll not feel wrongs That tie him to an answer.' Lear, Act iv. sc. 2. P. 193, 1. 9. non omnibus dormio. The allusion is to a story contained in Plutarch's Eroticus, of one Galba, and Mæcenas: "σпер кai & 'Рwμaîos ἐκεῖνος Κάββας εἱστία Μαικήναν, εἶτα ὁρῶν διαπληκτιζόμενον ἀπὸ νευμάτων πρὸς τὸ γύναιον, ἀπέκλινεν ἡσυχῆ τὴν κεφαλὴν, ὡς δὴ καθεύδων, ἐν τούτῳ δὴ τῶν οἰκετῶν τινος προσρυέντος ἔξωθεν τῇ τραπέζῃ, καὶ τὸν οἶνον ὑφαιρουμένου, διαβλέψας, “Κακόδειμον,” εἶπεν, “ οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι μόνῳ Μαικήνα καθεύδω ;” 66 1. 26. two confidential communications. Both delivered to Delacroix by Lord Malmesbury on Saturday morning, Dec. 17, 1796. The first contained the proposed terms of peace so far as they related to France, the second so far as they related to Spain and Holland. The Confidential Memorials were not signed by Lord Malmesbury, though his signature was affixed to the note to which they were appended: and the Directory returned the memorials to him on Sunday stating that they could recognize no unsigned documents, and demanding an ultimatum properly signed, within twenty-four hours. On Monday, Lord Malmesbury returned the memorials properly signed, with a statement that they contained not an ultimatum, but a project subject to discussion. Later in the same day he received the peremptory notice to quit Paris in forty-eight hours. P. 196, 1. 20. German War. So called at first: afterwards best known as the Seven Years' War. Neither of the two Cardinal political decay, were so forThe continual attacks directed P. 197, 1. 33. the Empire and the Papacy. powers of mediaeval Europe, now in their midable to progress as is now often supposed. against them proceeded mainly from the politicians, and date back long before 1789. P. 198, 1. 21. body of republics. Alluding especially to the Ligurian and Cispadane Republics in Italy. The establishment of the Parthenopaean Republic confirmed Burke's augury. 1. 26. universal empire-universal revolution. In a very short time the justice of the charge was confessed by the best friends of France. No sooner was the peace of Campo Formio signed than the attacks on Rome, Switzerland, and Naples, made it clear that faith would be kept by the Directory on no other terms than a submission to republican principles. P. 199, 1. 10. Scrap of equivalents. His contemptible list of proposed cessions to France in exchange for the Austrian Netherlands. P. 200, l. 15. very dubious struggle. The result of the war in the rest of the West Indies was still doubtful. P. 202, 1. 24. family of thieves. The allusion is to the division of power between the two assemblies-the Council of Ancients and the Council of Five Hundred. P. 203, l. 10. The identical men, &c. 'Da riguardo servil, da melensaggine Casti, Animali Parlanti, Cant. xi. 1. II. original place - dirtiest of chicaners. The allusion is to the two lawyers Reubel and Lepaux. P. 205, 1. 8. The slothful man,' &c. Proverbs xxii. 13. 1. 27. whiff and wind of it, &c. With the whiff and wind of his fell sword The unnerved father falls.' Hamlet, Act ii. Scene 2. 1. 23. open subscription—of eighteen millions, proposed by Mr. Pitt, December 7, 1795. For every £100 in cash the subscriber became entitled to £120 3 per cents., and £25 4 per cents., with further addition in the Long Annuities. The loan was notoriously not an open competition. It was placed in the hands of the mercantile house of Boyd. The circumstances attending the loan were brought to light by Mr. W. Smith in a motion for a Committee of Enquiry. An ample account may be seen in the Parliamentary History. P. 206, l. 11. Ne te quaesiveris extra. Persius, Sat. i. 7. P. 207, 1. 7. ritually, i.e. formally, properly. 1. 25. very lucrative bargain. The premium on the loan amounted to no less a sum than £2,160,000! P. 209, 1. 6. The love of lucre, &c. i.e. as productive of capital. Burke |