in connexion with India and the East. British policy and enterprise have made it the nucleus of a great group of colonial states.

P. 111, 1. 16. declines still more. The decline of Holland as a colonial power was measured by the failing prosperity of the Dutch East Indian Company.

P. 112, l. 16, foll. The passage which follows, expanding the criticisms on the general plan of the war, and alluding to the unfortunate campaign in the West Indies, was inserted by Burke in a subsequent edition. It ends p. 115, 1. 29. It belongs to the period of the Third Letter.

1. 29. fierce barbarians. The negroes of Hayti and Guadaloupe.

P. 113, 1. 3. ally in the heart of the country. Burke was always for stirring the strong anti-revolutionary elements which existed unused in France. The subsequent history of French factions has amply shown how much might have been done in this way.

P. 114, l. 13. made for the seat, &c. Burke has in mind the early settlement of the Spaniards in the West Indies, when Hayti was the centre of government, and the transfer of West Indian supremacy to the French with the possession of the west of the island.

1. 14. not improved as the French division had been. The extraordinary prosperity of French Hayti is a striking feature in colonial history. See the Editor's History of European Colonies.

1. 20. reclamation = protest.

P. 115, 1. 2. ties of blood. Burke derives the hint from Bacon, speaking of the Social War: 'You speak of a naturalisation in blood; there was a naturalisation indeed in blood.' 'Of General Naturalisation.'

P. 116, l. I. I see, indeed, a fund, &c. Burke alludes to the ecclesiastical electorates of Cologne, Trèves, and Mainz, and to the large sovereign bishoprics of Liège, Paderborn, Munster, &c. These it was proposed to secularize, and to cede some parts to Austria and Prussia in compensation for the Austrian Netherlands and Rhenish Prussia.

P. 117, 1. 8. Substitutions, i. e. family settlements. Cp. vol. ii. p. 129, 1. 2. P. 118, 1. 24. there is no doctrine whatever, &c. Burke repeats the observation from Bolingbroke (On the true use of Retirement, &c.), who borrows it from Montaigne, Essais, Liv. i. ch. 40: 'Toute opinion est assez forte pour se faire espouser au prix de la vie.'

P. 119, 1. 13. with all their heart, &c. The phrase is borrowed from the Church of England Catechism.

1. 6. strike the sun out of heaven. Burke has in mind Gray, The Bard:

14.

'Fond impious man! think'st thou the sanguine cloud

Rais'd by thy breath can quench the orb of day?'

'carried along with the general motion,' &c.:

'For as in Nature's swiftness, with the throng

Of flying orbs whilst ours is borne along,

All seems at rest to the deluded eye,
Moved by the soul of the same harmony;

NOTES.

So carried on by your unwearied care

We rest in peace, and yet in motion share.'

1. 34. evil for its good.

367

Dryden, Lines to the Lord Chancellor. Milton, Par. Lost, Book iv. 110.

1. 25. nothing, indeed, &c. Borrowed from Aristotle, 'Apxǹ åvdpà deí§el. P. 124, 1. 8. Montesquieu's Grandeur et Décadence.' See especially chap. vi. This manual of conquest, more dangerous to the world's liberties than Machiavelli or Hobbes, was closely followed by the politicians of the French Republic.

1. 23. Montalembert. This veteran soldier and politician had cast in his lot with the Revolution.

1. 25. The diplomatic politicians, &c. This ingenious account of the growth of an aggressive policy on the part of France, though based on notorious historical facts, is difficult to justify specifically.

P. 125, 1. 4. Russia and Prussia. The rise of the former dated from Peter the Great, of the latter from Frederick.

1. 6. by the very collision, &c. The Seven Years' War.

1. 20. French party. See p. 124, 1. 2.

P. 126, l. 1. Out the word came. The allusion is to the arguments in the Encyclopédie and elsewhere. The politicians, of course, never employed the word except in theoretical discussions, before the Revolution.

1. 29. Austrian match. Between the Dauphin and Marie Antoinette. P. 127, 1. 23. commercial treaty. Made by Mr. Pitt in 1784.

1. 29. facilitated-but did not produce it. Burke can hardly escape the charge of bending his facts to his theory. Political ambition alone would never have produced the treaty.

P. 128, 1. 4. unhappy American quarrel. Here again the alliance of France with the revolted Colonies may be accounted for without assuming an unnatural ambition on the part of France.

1. 12. produced by their republican principles. But cp. p. 131, post, where the policy of the old monarchy is shown not to have been repugnant to republics.

1. 16. in a great extent of country. The example of the United States destroyed at once the old illusion that a non-monarchical government could only suit with small states. Cp. vol. ii. p. 147, 1. 7.

P. 129, 1. 19. found in monarchies stiled absolute. well-known conclusion of Gibbon.

Burke repeats a

1. 30. entire circle of human desires. Burke alludes to an idea put forth by Montesquieu and developed in Goldsmith's Traveller. It is fully explained in the note to vol. i. p. 178, 1. 33. Burke's account of the growth of English civilization has been well amplified by Guizot: 'The general character of European civilization has especially distinguished the civilization of England. It was exhibited in that country with more sequence and greater clearness than in any other. In England the civil and religious orders, aristocracy, democracy, monarchy, local and central institutions,

moral and political development, have increased and advanced together. Not one of the ancient elements of society ever completely perished; no special principle was ever able to obtain an exclusive dominion. There has always been a simultaneous development of all the different powers, and a sort of compromise between the claims and the interests of all of them..... It cannot, for instance, be denied that the simultaneous development of the different social elements caused England to advance more rapidly than any of the continental states towards the true aim and object of all society—the establishment of a free and regular government. Besides, the essence

of Liberty is the simultaneous manifestation of all interests, of all rights, of all forces, and of all social elements. England had therefore made a nearer approach to liberty than the greater number of other states.'-Lectures on Civilization, Lect. ix, Beckwith's translation.

P. 130, 1. 4. direct object. Burke alludes to the specific provisions in its favour, from Magna Charta to the Habeas Corpus Act.

1. 9. as great to spend, &c. Cp. vol. i. p. 229, l. 32. Since 1832 the people have been less disposed to expenditure.

1. 17. above my power of praise. Burke's general estimate of Pitt has been fully confirmed by modern opinion. Supreme in influence over Parliament, and the first of the great school of English financial statesmen, he failed signally as a war-minister.

P. 131, l. 18. We go about asking when assignats will expire, &c. 'The French, beginning with bankruptcy at home, had proceeded abroad on the maxim of Machiavelli, that men and arms will find money and provide for themselves.' Southey, Essay on State of Public Opinion and the Political Reformers.

1. 32. Jinghiz Khan. A famous Asiatic conqueror of the twelfth century. P. 132, 1. 20. Harrington—never could imagine, &c. Harrington uniformly derives all government from property. A man, he argues, with no estate, either in lands, goods, or money, can have nothing to govern, and therefore no share in government. A state of things in which the people, not owning at least two thirds of the land, are supreme, he denominates an Anarchy.' See his System of Politics in Aphorisms.

1. 25. The mine exhaustless.' Burke is followed here by an opponent: 'Nothing in point of resources is beyond the reach of a revolutionary government: whereas regular governments have their limitations on this point.'— Marquis of Lansdowne's Speech on the Address, 1801.

1. 33. copying music. Burke is perhaps thinking of Rousseau. plaidoyers. Law proceedings.

P. 133, 1. 5. must be destroyed. Burke copies the 'Delenda est Carthago' of Scipio.

P. 134, 1. 30. diligent reader of history. 'A century after the expulsion of James, Louis XVI was anxious to draw wisdom from the fate of the Stuarts. He was continually reading over the lives of Charles I and James II, and even,

it is said, added comments with his own hand on the margin. Determined to avoid their erring policy, he, as we have already seen, temporised and yielded upon every possible occasion.'-Lord Mahon's Essay on the French Revolution.

P. 136, 1. 2. but one republic. i. e. America.

1. 3. paid to his enemies. i. e. to the new French government.

1. 23. husbandmen or fishermen. As in New England.

P. 137, 1. 12. you may call this France, &c. We have elsewhere the idea of a country or city being itself in exile when the worthy have departed and the worthless remain. Coriolanus, when banished by the citizens, retaliates as he departs: 'I banish you,

And here remain with your uncertainties,' &c.
Act iii. Scene 3.

And Carew to Master William Montague:

'Non te civitas, non regia domus in exilium miserunt, sed tu utrasque.' Cicero, quoted in letters of Swift to Gay.

P. 138, l. 11. a circumstance which, &c. The allusion is to the months of July and August, 1796, during which Burke was at Bath, prostrate under the malady which in the next year carried him off.

LETTER III.

P. 141, 1. 2. 'Vast species.' Cowley's lines on Pindar:

The phoenix Pindar is a vast species alone.'

P. 145, 1. 14. bundle of State-Papers. The correspondence between Lord Malmesbury and Delacroix, beginning Dec. 17 and ending Dec. 20, 1796, together with the long Royal Declaration of Dec. 27. The correspondence was presented to the House of Commons Dec. 28.

1. 23. paths of pleasantness,' &c. P. 147, l. 26. rehearsal at Basle. P. 148, 1. 6. 'garrit aniles,' &c.

Proverbs iii. 17.

See ante, p.. 30, &c.
Hor. Sat. ii. 6. 77.

1. 16. malignant and a turban'd Turk? See end of Othello,

·

1. 31. In the disasters of their friends, &c. Nous avons tous assez de force pour supporter les maux d'autrui.' Rochefoucauld, Max. xix. Popularized in England through the Thoughts on Various Subjects' by Pope and Swift. Very humourously expressed by Villemain in his Souvenirs' when speaking of Talleyrand: 'Il paraissait quelquefois d'une résignation trop grande sur le malheur de ses amis.'

P. 150, 1. 3. boulimia. Raging hunger.

1. 10. 'shreds and patches.' Hamlet, Act iii. sc. 3.

B b

1. 11. mumping cant = Beggars' set phrases. To 'mump' is to go begging. Cp. vol. i. p. III, 1. 34.

1. 13. 'Where the gaunt mastiff,' &c. Pope, Moral Essays, Ep. iii. 1. 195. 1. 25. neighbouring vice. The allusion is to the Aristotelian theory of Virtues, which places each in a mean state between two vices.

1. 31. speech of the Minister. Mr. Pitt's speech of Dec. 30, 1796. P. 151, 1. 23. Virgil proposed, &c. Georgics, Book iii. 1. 25.

1. 25. hides his head, &c. Bonaparte had forced the passage of the Mincio, April 30, 1796, cutting off the Austrian general Beaulieu from Mantua, and forcing him to retreat upon the passes of the Tyrol. The image of the river hiding its head is borrowed from Ovid, Met. II. 255. P. 157, 1. 24. in this mother country of freedom, &c.:

'Onde provò con riflessioni egregie

La libertà delle prigioni regie.'

Casti, Animali Parlanti, Canto xvi. Casti's work was published in the beginning of the present century. The coincidences with Burke are too many to be accidental.

P. 158, l. 18. patriarchal rebels. Lafayette, Latour-Maubeuge, and Bureau de Pusy. Burke goes on to speak particularly of Lafayette, who had been taken prisoner in the territory of Liége in August, 1792. General Fitzpatrick as early as March, 1794, had moved the Commons for an address to the Crown with the object of procuring his release. This motion was opposed by Burke, and lost by a large majority. The motion was repeated Dec. 16, 1796, warmly supported by Fox, and again lost. The Peace of Campo Formio, made shortly after the publication of this letter, set Lafayette at liberty.

1. 30. that family. The Austrian.

P. 159, l. 19. not only of no real talents. Burke's estimate of Lafayette is just.

1. 25. fifth of October. An account of this deportation from Versailles to Paris is given in Burke's 'Reflections.' See Select Works (Clarendon Press), vol. ii. p. 84.

P. 160, 1. 4. This officer, &c. Smith was taken prisoner in an attempt to cut out some vessels from the Havre. The French government had him sent to Paris, and imprisoned in the Temple as a spy. He managed to escape, together with the royalist Phelippeaux, an officer of engineers, by means of a forged order for transporting them to another place of confinement. Phelippeaux accompanied Smith to the East, and aided him in the famous defence of Acre in 1799, which stopped the advance of Bonaparte in Syria.

P. 163, 11. 17 foll. Muse of fire-ascended the highest heaven of invention -swelling scene-Potentates for fellow-actors—port of Mars-dogs of war — famine, fever, &c. Burke has freely used the opening lines of Shakespeare's Henry V: