quest by the Romans-The Etruscan confederacy-Their religious institutions

-Etruscan art and science-Architecture Sepulchres-Statuary and metal-

work-Paintings-Domestic life-Science, borrowed by the Romans 129-149

CHAPTER XX.

ROME UNDER THE KINGS.

The Campagna and surrounding hills--The Tiber: its course and character-The site

of Rome-Its primeval aspect-Description of its Seven Hills-Mythical charac-

ter of the early Roman history-Evander-Æneas-Ascanius and the Alban

kings-Legend of Romulus and Remus-Romans and Sabines-Institutions

and conquests ascribed to Romulus-His death and apotheosis-Roman chro-

nology-Era of the foundation of Rome-Interregnum-Legend of Numa Pom-

pilius-His religious and social institutions-The Roman calendar-The sub-

sequent kings of Rome-Discussion of the legends-Latin origin of Rome-

Early settlements on the Seven Hills-The city of the Ramnes on the

Palatine-Two principal theories of its origin-First, as a robber colony

of Alba, extended by war, conquered and remodelled by the Sabines-Char-

acter and institutions of this people-The settlement on the Quirinal, and

union with the Ramnians-The second theory of a natural growth from Latin

settlements on the Seven Hills-Rome viewed as the emporium of Latium-Ex-

tent of the primitive city-The original Septimontium-Amalgamation with the

city on the Quirinal-Tullus Hostilius-Legend of the Horatii and Curiatii, and

of the conquest of Alba--Etruscan and Sabine wars-Ancus Marcius-His con-

quests in Latium and along the Tiber-His works at Rome-Origin of the Plebs

The Etruscan dynasty-Tarquinius Priscus--His institutions, wars, and public

works-Servius Tullius-His new constitution--The walls of Rome-Alliance

with the Latins-Legend of his death-Tarquinius Superbus-His foreign al-

liances and wars-The Sibyl-Taking of Gabii-L. Junius Brutus-The legend

of Lucretia-Expulsion of the Tarquins-Review of Regal Rome
150-216

CHAPTER XXI.

THE PATRICIAN REPUBLIC. FROM THE EXPULSION OF THE TARQUINS TO THE

TAKING OF ROME BY THE GAULS.-B.C. 509 TO B.C. 390.

Beginning of the Republic-Institution of the Consulate--Brutus and Collatinus con-

suls-Retirement of Collatinus-Conspiracy for the Tarquins-Brutus and his

sons-Death of Brutus-Valerius Poplicola-Right of appeal--Treaty with

Carthage--Dedication of the Capitol-Legend of Lars Porsenna-Battle of the

Lake Regillus-Sabine War-Immigration of the Claudii-End of the mythical

period of Roman history-Real state of Rome-Conquest by Porsenna-Re-

pulse of the Etruscans-Independence of Latium-Institution of the Dictator-

ship-The Senate-Rise of a new nobility-The constitution aristocratic-Posi-

tion of the Plebeians-Distress of the small landholders-Consulship of Claudius

and Servilius-M. Valerius dictator-Secession to the Sacred Mount-Tribunes

of the Plebs and Plebeian Ædiles-Colony sent to Velitræ-Continued dissen-

sions-Legend of Coriolanus-Spurius Cassius-Treaties with the Latins and

Hernicans-Wars with the Volscians and Equians-Agrarian law of Spurius

Cassius-His death-Wars with the Etruscans-Legend of the Fabii at the Cre-

mera-Impeachment of consuls-Murder of the tribune Genucius-Publilian law

-Impeachment of Appius Claudius-Rogation of Terentilius-Long conflict of

the orders-Equian and Volscian wars-Story of Cincinnatus-The Decemvirs

-Laws of the Twelve Tables-Story of Virginia-Second Secession of the Plebs

-Fall of the Decemvirs-Valerian and Horatian laws-Military Tribunes in

place of consuls-Institution of the Censorship-Famine at Rome-Death of

Mælius-War with the Etruscans, Equians, and Volscians-Victory at Mount

Algidus-Rise of the Samnites-Fall of Fidena-Last war with Veii-Draining

of the Alban lake-Legend of Camillus and the fall of Veii-Agrarian law-

Banishment of Camillus-The Gauls in Etruria
217-258

CHAPTER XXII.

WARS WITH THE LATINS AND SAMNITES. FROM THE TAKING OF ROME BY THE

GAULS TO THE END OF THE SAMNITE WARS.-B.C. 390 TO B.C. 290.

PAGE

The remoter nations of the ancient world-The Celtic race-Their migration from

the east in historic times-Their national character and military habits-Transi-

tory effects of their enterprises-Their early settlements in Italy-Cisalpine

Gaul-Common story of the invasion-Siege of Clusium-Interference of the

Romans-Battle of the Allia-Preparations at Rome-Self-devotion of the

Fathers-Capture and sack of the city-The Capitol saved by M. Manlius-

Ransom of Rome-Retreat of the Gauls-Legend of Camillus-Subsequent en-

counters with the Gauls-Results of the invasion-Distress at Rome-Wars

with the Etruscans-Settlement of Cisalpine Gaul-Disruption of the Latin al-

liance-Wars with the Latins and Volscians-Internal dissensions-Condemna-

tion of Manlius-The Licinian rogations-Plebeians admitted to the consulship

-Institution of the Prætorship and Curule Edileship-Union of the orders-

Death of Camillus-Results of the revolution, to the final settlement of the pop-

ular constitution-Renewed wars with the Italians-New league with the Latins

and Hernicans-Great Samnite and Latin Wars-Origin and growth of the Sam-

nites-First Samnite War-Mutiny at Capua-Great Latin War-Battle near

Vesuvius, and self-devotion of P. Decius-Battle of Trifanum-Dissolution of

the Latin confederacy-Roman colonies in Latium-Second or Great Samnite

War-Papirius and Fabius-Romans defeated at the Caudine forks-Successes

of the Romans-Defeat of Etruscans and Samnites-Roman conquests-Coali-

tion of Etruscans and Italians against Rome-Third Samnite war-Victory of

Sentinum-Truce with Etruscan cities-Defeat of the younger and victory of the

elder Fabius-End of the Samnite wars
259-302

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE WAR WITH PYRRHUS, AND THE CONQUEST OF ITALY.-B.C. 290 TO B.C. 266.

State of Italy after the Samnite wars-The Etruscans and Gauls in the North-The

Lucanians and Bruttians in the South-Lucania and the Greek cities-The Ro-

mans protect Thurii-New Italian Coalition-War in Etruria-Irruption of the

Gauls-A Roman army destroyed before Arretium-Defeat and extinction of the

Senones-Defeat of the Etruscans at the Vadimonian Lake-Successes of Fa-

bricius in Lucania-Tarentum-Its influence in Italy-Calls in aid from Greece

-Archidamus-Alexander of Epirus-Cleonymus-Alliance with Rome-The

Tarentines attack a Roman fleet and seize Thurii-Outrage on the Roman am-

bassador Postumius-Pyrrhus invited to Italy-He becomes master of Tarentum

-March of the Romans to meet him-Their defeat at Heraclea-Mission of

Cineas to Rome-Appius Claudius Cæcus in the Senate-Impression made on

Cineas-Advance of Pyrrhus to Præneste-The Etruscans make a separate

Peace-Pyrrhus retreats to Tarentum-Embassy of Fabricius-Campaign in

Apulia-Battle of Asculum-State of the Sicilian Greeks-League of Rome and

Carthage-Siege of Syracuse-Pyrrhus passes into Sicily-His first successes

and repulse at Lilybaum-His return to Italy-His defeat at Beneventum and

final departure-Capture of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Brundisium-Submission

of Picenum-Lucania, and the Bruttii-Conquest of Italy completed-Naval af-

fairs-Political and Social state of Italy and Rome
303-336

THE ROMAN CONQUEST OF CARTHAGE AND GREECE.

FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PUNIC WARS TO THE ACQUISITION OF THE PROV-

INCE OF ASIA.-B.C. 265 TO B.C. 130.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE FIRST PUNIC WAR.-B.C. 264 TO B.C. 241.

Sicily the battle-field of Rome and Carthage-Its connection with Italy, Greece, and

Carthage-Seizure of Messana by the Mamertines-They are besieged by Hiero

-Aid voted to them by the Romans-Beginning of the First Punic War-Suc-

cesses of the Romans-They are joined by Hiero-Their victory at Agrigentum

-History of the Phoenicians-Their proper name Canaanites-Their language

Semitic Tradition of their migration from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean-

The cities of Phoenicia-History of Tyre and Sidon-Their commerce and navi-

gation-Colonies of the Phoenicians-Carthage-Legends of its foundation-Its

dominion in Africa-Its maritime and colonial empire in Spain, Sardinia, and

Sicily-Rivalry with the Greeks and alliance with the Tyrrhenians-The Cartha-

ginian constitution and religion-Relations with Rome to the time of the Punic

Wars-History of the First Punic War resumed-Attacks on the coasts of Italy

-The Roman fleet-Naval victory of Duilius-Campaigns in Sardinia, Corsica,

and Sicily-Naval victory of Regulus-His successes in Africa-His defeat and

imprisonment-The war resumed in Sicily-Victory of Panormus and siege of

Lilybæum-Regulus at Rome-Wreck of the Roman fleet-Exploits of Hamil-

car Barca in Sicily-Roman victory off the Ægatian Islands-Conclusion of the

War-Sicily a Roman province-Revolt and Reconquest of the Falisci-Popula-

tion of Rome

PAGE

337-415

CHAPTER XXV.

INTERVAL IN THE STRUGGLE WITH CARTHAGE.-B.C. 240 TO B.C. 219.

War of Carthage with her mercenaries-The Romans seize Sardinia-Devotion of

Hannibal to avenge his country-Affairs of Rome in Italy-Wars with the Boii

and Ligurians-The temple of Janus shut-Agrarian law of Flaminius-Illyrian

wars-Impression made in Macedonia and Greece-Celtic wars-The Gauls

pass the Alps-Battle of Telamon-Conquest of the Boii and Insubres-Roman

Italy extended to the Alps-Colonies and roads-Affairs of Carthage-The

house of Barca and the party of Hanno-Hamilcar in Spain-Kingdom of the

Barcides-Hasdrubal's treaty with Rome-Hannibal-His rupture with Rome-

416-428

Capture of Saguntum-Fruitless embassies-Rome declares war against Car-

thage-Preparations of Hannibal

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE SECOND PUNIC WAR.-B.C. 218 TO B.C. 201.

Character of the Second Punic War-Its three periods and three scenes, Italy, Spain,

and Africa-First Period: March of Hannibal through Spain and Gaul-Move-

ments of the consul Scipio-Hannibal's passage of the Alps-Battles of the

Ticinus and the Trebia-Cneius Scipio in Spain-Hannibal in Etruria-Battle

of the Trasimene lake-Fabius Maximus made Dictator, "qui cunctando resti-

tuit rem "-Hannibal in Apulia-Third Campaign: Battle of Canna-Roman

fortitude-Revolt of Capua-Carthaginian winter-quarters-Second Period:

Hannibal's first defeat, at Nola-His repulse from and Capture of Tarentum-

Roman successes in Sardinia and Spain--Sicilian war-Death of Hiero-Revo-

lution and revolt of Syracuse-Its siege and capture-Death of Archimedes-

Death of the two Scipios in Spain-Hannibal's march to Rome-His retreat-

PAGE

Recovery of Capua and Tarentum-Defeat and death of Marcellus-Hasdrubal

marches to aid Hannibal-His defeat and death at the Metaurus-Third Period:

P. Cornelius Scipio-His conquest of Spain-His journey to Africa-His election

to the consulship-Invasion of Africa-Defeat of the Carthaginians-League

with Masinissa-Hannibal's recall from Italy-Battle of Zama-Conclusion of

the war
429-479

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE MACEDONIAN AND ASIATIC WARS.-B.C. 220 TO B.C. 187.

Accession of Philip V.-State of Macedonia and Greece-Philip's part in the Social

War-His alliance with Carthage-First Macedonian War-Anti-Macedonian

League-Attalus and the Rhodians-Affairs of Egypt-Peace with Philip-Re-

newed Macedonian intrigues-Alliance of Philip and Antiochus the Great-

Views of Rome regarding the East-Embassy to Egypt, Antiochus, and Philip

--The Second Macedonian war-Titus Quinctius Flamininus-Philip loses

Northern Greece-The Achæan League joins the Romans-Proposals for peace

-Battle of Cynoscephala-Peace with Philip-The freedom of Greece proclaim-

ed by Flamininus-His triumph-Discontent of the Etolians-Their intrigues

with Antiochus-Review of the Syrian kingdom-Wars with Egypt for Cole-

Syria and Palestine-Invasion of and wars with the Parthians-Affairs of Asia

Minor-Accession of Antiochus the Great-His warlike vigour-Revolt of Me-

dia and Persia suppressed-His war with Egypt and defeat at Raphia-Wars

in Asia Minor and with the Parthians-Death of Ptolemy Philopator-Alliance

of Antiochus and Philip-Conquest of Cilicia, Cole-Syria, and Palestine-At-

tack on Attalus, the Rhodians, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor-Successes

of Antiochus on the Hellespont-He crosses over into Europe and occupies

Thrace-Protests of the Romans-Flight of Hannibal to Antiochus-He pre-

pares for war-The Etolians seize Demetrias and declare war with Rome-An-

tiochus lands in Greece-Beginning of the Asiatic War-Attitude of Macedo-

nia and the Greeks-Defeat of Antiochus at Thermopyla-Greece again subject

to Rome-Reduction of the Etolians-Maritime campaign-Roman expedition

to Asia-Battle of Magnesia-Fall of the Syrian empire-War with the Galatians

-The kingdom of Pergamus-Settlement of Asia and Greece-The Etolians

again subdued-Philip and the Achæans-Death of Antiochus
480-501

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE SUBJUGATION OF GREECE.-B.C. 187 TO B.C. 146.

Discontent of Philip-His renewed preparations for war-His sons Demetrius and

Perseus-Murder of Demetrius-Death of Philip-His character-Accession of

Perseus-His preparations against Rome-Barbarian alliances-State of Hel-

lenic feeling-Third Macedonian war-Indecisive campaigns-The Roman gen-

erals incompetent: their armies disorganized-Q. Marcius Philippus-Invasion

of Macedonia-The armies at Tempe-Lucius Æmilius Paulus elected consul-

His character-Decisive Battle of Pydna-Final destruction of the Macedonian

phalanx-Capture and fate of Perseus-Settlement of Macedonia-New rela-

tions of Rome to the Hellenic states-Pergamus and the Rhodians-Affairs of

Syria and Egypt-Antiochus Epiphanes and the Roman envoy-How to circum-

scribe a circle about a king-Roman alliance with the Maccabees-Policy of

Rome towards foreign states-Settlement of Greece-Patriot and Roman parties

-Executions and deportations-The Achæan league-Lycortas and Callicrates

-Deportation of 1000 Achæans-The historian Polybius-Devastation of Epi-

rus-Triumph and death of Æmilius-The Adelphi of Terence-Quarrel of

Athens and Oropus-Embassy of the philosophers to Rome-Oropus, Sparta,

and the Achæan League-Return of the Achæan exiles-Andriscus, the Mace-

donian pretender-Roman commissioners in Greece-Riots at Corinth-War

with the Achæans-Sack of Corinth by Mummius-Greece becomes the Roman

province of Achaia
502-518

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE THIRD PUNIC WAR.-B.C. 150 TO B.C. 146.

xi

PAGE

State of Carthage between the First and Second Punic Wars--Her prosperity and re-

sources-Her loyalty to Rome-Encroachments of Masinissa-Roman commis-

sioners in Africa-M. Porcius Cato and P. Scipio Nasica-Delenda est Carthago

-Hostilities with Masinissa-Scipio in Masinissa's camp-His dream-Embas-

sies to Rome-Declaration of war-The consuls land in Africa-Conference at

Utica-The Carthaginians give up their arms-The final sentence-Rage and

resistance of the city-Preparations for defence-The first campaign-Opera-

tions of Censorinus-Services of Scipio-The second campaign-Hopes for Car-

thage-New allies-Her internal dissensions-The two Hasdrubals-Scipio

elected consul-He lands in Africa-Progress of the Siege-Capture of the city

-The seven days' fight-Destruction of Carthage-The tears and triumph of

Scipio-Later history of Carthage

519-534

CHAPTER XXX.

CONQUESTS OF ROME IN THE WEST, AND CONDITION OF THE REPUBLIC. FROM

THE END OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR TO THE DEATH of the YoungER SCIPIO,

AND THE FORMATION OF THE PROVINCE OF ASIA.-B.C. 200 TO B.C. 129.

The Roman dominions in the West-War in Cisalpine Gaul-Conquest of the In-

subres and Boii-Ligurian wars-Condition of Spain-Consulship of Cato-Gov-

ernment of Tiberius Gracchus-His triumph over Sardinia-First Celtiberian

war-Numantia-Marcellus and Lucullus in Spain-Cruelties of Galba-Lusita-

nian war-Viriathus-Q. Fabius Maximus Emilianus and Q. Fabius Maximus

Servilianus-Murder of Viriathus-Numantine war-Mancinus-Brutus subdues

Lusitania and the Gallæci-Scipio Africanus in Spain-Siege and destruction of

Numantia-Triumph of Scipio-Servile war in Sicily-Roman slavery-Laws

and ovation of Rupilius-Attalus III. bequeaths Pergamus to the Romans-

The war with Aristonicus-Crassus in Asia-Formation of the Province of Asia

-Extent of the Roman empire-Condition of the Republic-The new nobility

and the city rabble-The nobles in possession of the Senate and the chief civil

and military offices-The government of the oligarchy-Successful foreign policy

-Internal affairs-Financial administration-Increase of corruption-Public

works-The aqueducts of Rome-Party of opposition and reform-M. Porcius

Cato-His early life-Service in the Second Punic War-Quæstor in Sicily-

Opposition to Scipio-Cato at Thermopyla-The prosecution of L. Scipio Asiati-

cus-Violence of Africanus-Prosecution and triumph of Scipio Africanus-His

retirement and death-Scipio and Wellington-Censorship of Cato-His vast in-

fluence and its small results-The Younger Africanus-Vote by ballot at Rome-

Laws against Bribery-Unpopularity and Death of Scipio-Religion and man-

ners-Roman Literature

535-568