The "BARRACKS," as the place is called, is the favorite resort of the citizens, who, of evenings, drive or walk thither to listen to the military music and witness the evolutions of the soldiers, who are mostly beardless recruits in their teens and newly donned trappings.

The other "grateful breathing spots" of the city are the FRANKLIN PARK of ninety acres, the GOODALE of forty-four, and the CITY of twenty-three, all well cared for and much enjoyed by the nature-loving people. The COUNTY COURTHOUSE, completed in 1887, at a cost of $400,000, is one of the most magnificent buildings of its kind in any State. In architecture, elegance of finish, and

spaciousness, in convenience and perfection for the admission of light and ventilation it would be difficult to find its superior. It is justly the pride of the city and county. It was dedicated July 13, 1887, the dedicatory address being by Hon. Henry C. Noble, President of the Court-House Commission. The CITY-HALL BUILDING, in which the municipal offices are quartered, is a massive, striking structure, to say the least. The CITY JAIL, a lately built and a large, Bastileappearing structure, with all the modern conveniences, is highly spoken of by those who have stopped there. The rooms are airy, the bill-of-fare, if not containing all the delicacies of the season, is wholesome and inexpensive to the guests. The hotel is complete; for though there are no liquors allowed on the premises, there are excellent "bar attachments." The UNION DEPOT is one of the largest and best arranged in the West, and 100 passenger trains come and go each day. The railroads, of course, run their tracks where they please-across streets and thoroughfares, without regard to the comfort or cost to the city; but, as railroads go, they are considerate, and when they run over a street-car, & cab, or a citizen they usually express regret. The new BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING, now in process of erection, will be one of the architectural features of the city, and one of the chief adornments of the Capitol Square. It is built by the leading organization of the city-the Board of Trade, organized a few years ago, and comprising in its membership over 500 of its leading business-men of the city. It is the avowed mission of the Board of Trade to stimulate the motive and suggest the means for the development and improvement of Columbus; and much of the progress and growth made by the city in the past few years is due to the weight and wisdom of this organization. This Board of Trade does not deal in wheat and corn that never grew, nor in stocks that are floated in water.

Finally, Columbus is not merely wealthy and wise, as we have indicated, but she is healthy. Her climate is what the geographers call "salubrious." She is admirably located for good drainage, as the land slopes on the east and on the west to streams of water, thus giving her sewage very easy outlet. The city is clean; good water is supplied by a reservoir at the junction of the Scioto and the Whet

stone. The death-rate is phenomenally low, being but 10 53-100 to the 1,000; twice this ratio-20 to the 1,000-is not regarded as excessive in our cities. These are the facts, figures, and features that pertain to the mind, body, and estate of the good capital of Ohio-an honor to the State and the pride of her people.

TILE DRAINAGE IN OHIO.

Drainage is all important to the welfare of an agricultural region, alike vital to the fertility of its soil and the health of its inhabitants.

A large tract of the Northwestern Ohio long known as "the Black Swamp Re

[The Apple Dale Tile Works, the property of Mr. S. J. Woolley, is one of the pioneer tile factories of Ohio. It is near the village of Hilliards, about thirteen miles northwest of Columbus, in Franklin county.]

gion," covering the area of several counties, has been reclaimed by a system of open ditches and converted into an area of surprising fertility; of this we give details elsewhere. We here present an article from FRANK HENRY HOWE upon the Tile Drainage of the State. The magnitude of this industry and its value to the commonwealth is such that by so doing we think we do a public service and enhance the value of this work.

Although drain tile was made by hand in Rome, and in France some two centuries since, Ohio was one of the first States in the Union to develop to any extent this valuable industry.

About the year 1810 drain tile was made at Netherby, in Northumberland, England. It was called horseshoe tile, being shaped like a horseshoe, instead of cylindrical, and was laid with the opening at the bottom. This was then considered the ne plus ultra of drain tile, and for thirty years there was no improvement on this pattern.

At a very early date Mr. Johnston, in New York State, did much to call the attention of the farmers to the value of tile draining, by his published writings,

and experiments on his own farm. He is frequently called "The Father of Tile Drainage in America."

Some time previous to Mr. Johnston's efforts Dr. N. S. Townshend, then a youth in his teens, who had seen during his boyhood days spent in England the benefits derived from drainage, succeeded in introducing it in Lorain county.

In 1832 horseshoe tile were made by hand at Avon, Lorain county, Ohio. In 1843 a machine for the manufacture of pipe tile was invented by John Read and exhibited by him at the county fair of Derbyshire, England.

About 1857 Mr. Canfield, who made the best horseshoe tile in Connecticut, removed to Milford Center, Union county, Ohio, and there manufactured horseshoe tile until his decease about 1869. A Mr. Miner also operated a small tile factory at Columbus.

The only tile machines made at this date were those manufactured by A. La Tourette, of Waterloo, New York, and Mattice & Penfield, of Willoughby, Ohio, who also manufactured tile. These men did not meet with any great success financially, but they were the pioneers in educating the people.

At the close of the rebellion W. S. Postle, of Prairie, and S. J. Woolley, of Brown township, Franklin county, Ohio, were the first to establish tile factories, which have been run successfully ever since, and are now large establishments.

Since their establishment many others have been started in different parts of the State until at the present time there are over five hundred factories in successful operation in Ohio.

The first improvement over the horseshoe pattern was made by adding a bottom piece, called the sole tile, to the opening in the horseshoe. These improved tile were extensively used until superseded by the cylindrical pattern, which is the only kind of drain tile now manufactured. Improvements in machinery, kilns and manipulation have brought these to a high degree of perfection and at a very low cost.

The output of these five hundred factories per annum is six and a half million rods, worth at the present low prices about two million dollars.

In 1880 J. J. W. Billingsley, of Indianapolis, commenced the publication of the Drainage Journal, and distributed a large amount of literature on drainage, which has had a very great influence in extending the use of tile, educating the people on this important subject of drainage.

It is somewhat singular that with the material developments which have taken place within the last half century that the remarkable value of drainage from an economical as well as sanitary standpoint has not sooner attracted the attention of the people. Its first disciples met with opposition and ridicule, but they soon turned the laugh on their tormentors, as its value was so apparent in the results that the unbelievers hastened to benefit by the example. Nevertheless, although the developments of drainage within the past decade have been remarkable, it is but in its infancy as yet. Mr. J. M. Harrison, of Scio, Ohio, in an able article on the "Past, Present and Future of Tile Drainage in Ohio," read before the Ohi Tile and Drainage Association, and published in the Drainage Journal, says "No accurate estimate of the number of tile used in Ohio has ever been made, We estimate that between two hundred and fifty and three hundred millions of tils have been used. This seems like a vast sum, yet it is only large enough to drain a little over three hundred thousand acres of land, or about one-eightieth of the entire State. It would seem then that tile drainage was only in its infancy, for these figures show that all the drainage that has been done would only be equal to about one county, leaving the other eighty-seven counties to be drained. W must bear in mind, however, that a considerable portion of our State is naturally underdrained. Then the woodland and other portions which it is safe to assume will never be drained reduce the above figures to about one-half. If we assume that one-fortieth of the draining is done and that we have been thirty years in doing it, the figures would indicate that we would be twelve hundred years in

completing the work in Ohio. The fact is, however, that nearly all the draining in the State has been done since 1880. The Drainage Journal estimates that there was as much draining in 1882 as had been done in all the years prior to 1880. The most reasonable conclusion is that there will be plenty of work for a few tile factories in every county in the State for the next fifty years.

Much of the draining is so poorly done that it will be necessary to do it over again in the future. It is evident from a study of the agricultural reports of this State that tile drainage has been in progress in a few counties for quite a number of years, and we also find in a great many counties tile drainage has only been very recently introduced, and that there are a few counties that have no tile factories at all."

Land

While it is generally supposed that only wet and swampy lands are benefited by drainage it has been clearly demonstrated that the productiveness of almost all land is so increased as to more than pay within a few seasons for the cost. with a gravelly subsoil has more or less natral drainage and is not benefited to the same extent as land with a clayey subso!.

The remarkable fertility of the soil of England, "the garden spot of the world,” is largely due to the extensive system of drainage there in use.

Ditching is a primitive method of draining, which in its results falls far short of the efficiency of tile, and in itself prevents its extended use by preventing the cultivation of a considerable part of the land intended to be benefited; therefore all reference to drainage in this article relates to the use of tiles.

Upon the invitation of its proprietor we visited the tile factory of S. J. Woolley near Hilliards, to learn something of the methods of manufacture. The material used is a slate-colored fire-clay, of which abundant quantities are found throughout the State of Ohio adapted to the manufacture of drain tile, although differing somewhat in quality. When taken from the bank it contains more or less moisture according to the location of the bank and the humidity of the season. The clay used at Mr. Woolley's factory when taken from the bank has about the consistency of putty and requires neither drying out nor moisture, excepting in very dry seasons, when it is sometimes necessary to make it sufficiently pliable for working. The clay is taken from the bank to the factory near by, and fed into the hoppers of the large tile machines, which are run by steam-power. From the hopper it passes into a large iron cylinder in which revolve a series of blades which cut and knead the clay, forcing it out at the base in the shape of a continuous clay cylinder, varying in diameter according to the size of the die then in use in the machine. These dies range in size from three to eighteen inches. The cylinder of clay as it is forced from the machine comes out horizontally, and is cut off with a wire in lengths of from twelve to fifteen inches.

One of Mr. Woolley's tile machines, however, forces out the clay cylinder perpendicularly; this is a recent improvement and prevents the collapsing of the soft clay tile as sometimes occurs with large sizes by reason of their own weight. After the tile come from the machine they are placed on a tram car and run into long wooden buildings; here they are placed on a series of slatted shelves, which are so arranged as to allow a free circulation of air, as from one to two weeks drying out is necessary, depending upon the weather, before they can be burned in the kilns. The smaller three-inch tile are placed horizontally, but the larger

sizes all stand on end.

When the tile have dried out sufficiently they are conveyed by tram car to the kiln preparatory to burning or, more properly, firing. These kilns are huge beehive-like structures, built of fire-brick and similar to those used in pottery establishments. Projecting from the base at regular intervals are four stubs, as they are called; these stubs consist of a fire-piace, grate and ash-pit, and are the furnaces from which the heat passes into the kiln. About five feet from the base of the kiln is an opening large enough for the easy entrance of a man, through which access is had to the interior of the kiln. The tram car loaded with the unbaked

tile is run up to this entrance and the tile passed in for packing. The floor of the interior is made of fire-brick and constructed like a grate, so that the flame, heat and smoke pass upward through the kiln. The tile are packed closely together, standing on end and nested; that is, the small tile are placed within those of larger diameter. Layer after layer of tile are placed on top of each other until the kiln is filled, when the entrance is built up with brick and plaster and the fires started. The fires, which are fed with either wood or coal, are kept low and allowed to smoke and smoulder until such moisture as remains in the tile after the atmospheric drying has been driven out; when this has been accomplished they are freely plied with fuel, and when a white heat has been reached, usually in about forty-eight hours, and discernible by means of small apertures in the sides of the kiln, the firing is complete and the fires are allowed to burn out.

The smoke, flame and heat pass up through the kiln, come into direct contact with the tile, and are then conducted by means of flues down to the base and into a smoke stack some thirty or forty feet high and built a few feet apart from the kiln. This arrangement allows of a more perfect combustion of fuel and more equal distribution of heat. After the fires have died out several days elapse before the kiln is opened, that the contents may cool gradually, as a sudden cooling would crack the tile. When taken from the kiln the tile are a bright red in color, with a metallic ring when struck, and almost as durable as time itself, inasmuch as there has been no product of man which has stood the test of time as fire-baked clay.

The farm of Mr. Woolley, on which his factory is situated, is a fine example of the efficacy of tile drainage. Originally a wooded swamp, upon a large part of which water stood the whole year round, it is now one of the most productive farms in Franklin county. When Mr. Woolley first purchased this farm his friends doubted his sanity, others pitied his folly, but now none doubt his wisdom, and the tile factory, originally built for his own private uses, supplies the country for miles around and has converted what was formerly looked upon as waste land into about the most fertile in the county. "He who makes two blades of grass to grow where but one grew before is a benefactor to his race." How much more must one be "who makes two blades of grass to grow where none grew before."

That drainage is a benefit to low marshy lands is evident to the commonest understanding, but that it should be of any great value to land already surface dry is not very comprehensive to a very large proportion of our population.

The soil is the medium for the growth of plants, but does not in itself furnish all of the elements which develop their growth. Carbonic acid and ammonia, which are diffused in small quantities through the atmosphere, are brought down to the soil by rain. Upon undrained land these plant foods pass off with the surface water; on drained and porous soils they are abosrbed. Drain the land and give these elements free access to the plants. When rain falls on elevated land it packs the surface of the soil, finds its way to its lowest level and, unless it can penetrate through the soil, runs off in streams and rivulets; the sun comes out, dries, then bakes and hardens the surface of the soil which the water has not penetrated because it could find no outlet beneath it.

To a certain degree we overcome this with the plow and harrow; but, in raising a crop on this land, the roots of the plants only penetrate to about the depth the plow has furrowed and only draw sustenance from that part of the soil. Let usdrain this land. Now the rain falls, percolates through the soil and finds an outlet through the drain, the soil becomes porous like sponge and like a sponge holds a large part of the moisture, the sun shines again and, when the surface moisture has been absorbed, a fresh supply is drawn from the porous soil by capillary attraction, so that, instead of baking the surface, the soil is kept moist, is lifted by the capillary forces set into action by the sun and becomes mellow and easily worked. Less water has flowed from this land during the rain since it was