Myers, Osborn & Co., stoves, 200; Garry Iron Roofing Co., iron roofing, 152; Gorham & Sargent, washboards, 115; C. C. C. & I. R. R. Shops, railroad repairs, 350; Palmer & Dellory, castings, 115; Bowler & Co., car wheels and castings, 150; Sherwin & Williams, paints, etc., 250; Cleveland Provision Co., provision and packing house, 225; Stafford & Son, soap, 600; Murphy & Co., varnish, 182; Peck, Stow & Wilcox, hardware, 232; Taylor & Boggis Foundry Co., castings, 188; Sturtevant Lumber Co., planing-mill, 147; Variety Iron Works Co., machinery and castings, 225; Lamson, Sessions & Co., butts and bolts, 300; Woods, Jenks & Co., planing-mill, 100; Maher & Brayton, castings, 160; Colwell & Collins, bolts and nuts, 150; The Upson Nut Co., nuts, bolts, etc., 122; Hotchkiss & Upson Co., bolts and screws, 350; Riverside Blast Furnace, pig iron, 150; Standard Oil Co., oils, 2,150; Frederick Hempy & Co., packing cases, etc., 180; Central Blast Furnace, pig iron, 175; Grasselli Chemical Co., chemicals, 100; Cleveland Paper Co., paper, 180; White Sewing Machine Co., sewing machines, 505; Comey & Johnston, straw goods, 105; Felsenheld Bros. & Co., ladies' wraps, 100; S. Kennard & Son, shoes, 102; The Walker Manufacturing Co., power transmitting machinery, 200; Chapin Bolt and Nut Co., bolts and nuts, 186; W. S. Tyler's Wire Works, wire goods, 164; Union Steel Screw Co., wood screws, 190; Standard Lighting Co., incandescent lamps, 106; Brush Electric Light Co., electric machinery, 525; Taylor & Boggis Foundry Co., castings, 105; I. N. Topliff Manufacturing Co., carriage hardware, 105; Standard Sewing Machine Co., sewing machines, 230; Cleveland Malleable Iron Co., malleable iron, 550; Van Dorn Iron Works, iron specialties, 102; Eberhard Manufacturing Co., malleable iron, 615; Union Rolling Mill Co., iron, 335; American Lubricating Oil Co., oils, 187; F. Mulhauser, shoddies, 310; Beckman, Senior & Co., woolen goods, 100; Cleveland Rolling Mill Co., iron and steel, 4,150; Strong, Cobb & Co., druggists, 662; Publishing House Evangelical Association, publishers, 130; Dangler Stove Manufacturing Co., vapor stoves, etc., 130; H. B. Hunt, sheet iron work, 120. Lake Commerce.-According to the Marine Record of Cleveland, the total number of hulls and tonnage on the lakes at the close of 1887 was 3,537 vessels with a total tonnage of 905,277 tons.

The custom house report for the same year showed imports of the value of $43,884,336, exports, $34,988,095. Of the imports, iron ore leads, being valued $16,351,126; lumber, $9,945,040; merchandise, $12,701,200; copper, $627,000. Of the exports, merchandise, $12,531,200; coal, $3,540,011; iron (bar, etc.), $1,277,950; coal oil, 591,964. coal oil, 591,964. Vessels built at the port of Cleveland in 1887—

tonnage, 19,000 tons.

The item, export of coal oil, only indicates the little that goes by vessels up the lakes in the sailing season, and in no sense indicates the magnitude of the oil refining industry of Cleveland-the largest in the world.

The population of Cleveland in the year 1840 was 6,071; in 1880, 160,146; estimated 1888, 220,000. School census in 1886, 61,654; Burk A. Hinsdale, superintendent.

The following clear, concise outline sketch of Cleveland, its past and present, was written for this work by D. W. Manchester, Secretary of the Western Reserve Historical Society.

Cleveland stands on a broad plateau elevated about eighty feet above the surface of the lake and it is intersected by the Cuyahoga river, some five miles of which is broad, deep, and navigable for the largest steamers and sailing craft.

In the remote cycles of geological times this elevated plain was the bottom of the lake, which in the course of countless ages has receded to its present level, evidenced by a series of ridges parallel therewith, many miles in length, and extending back several miles to rocky elevations which were its original and primeval shores in the day when these northern waters met and mingled with those of the Gulf of Mexico.

The great plateau was formed during the glacial period and is more than 200

feet in depth to the underlying rocky foundation. It is composed of alternate strata of Devonian shale, marl, clay, gravel, sand and alluvium, the disintegration of Arctic mountains of rocks, intermingled with boulders of various magnitudes and ancient driftwood, which grew in a once northern tropical climate.

In the sandy and alluvium strata of the cycles are found the bones of many animals, characteristic of the drift period, and notably the tusks and grinders of the elephant, and the skeleton entire of both the elephant and mastodon of gigantic proportions, discovered in the sliding banks of the lake, river or ravines and sometimes in excavating cellars. It was, moreover, the home, the cultivated field, the garden and the grave of the northern colony of that prehistoric people the remains of whose wonderful earthwork have given them the designation of Mound-builders. Then came the red man, known to the white man for nearly 400 years as the Indian, but bringing with him neither knowledge nor tradition concerning the preceding race, or of their mighty works which are an astonishment unto this day.

From 1535 to 1760, two hundred and twenty-five years, the region of the lakes and the territory north of the Ohio river to the Mississippi river, discovered and traversed by the Jesuit missionaries and fur traders, was under the dominion of the king of France, and was designated on the maps as New France, all of which by the fate of war and treaties of peace passed to the English in 1760. During that long period the land was occupied by the native races. There were two powerful empires of the aborigines, the East comprising the confederated Six Nations, and the West, of which, as late as 1763, Pontiac was the Napoleon, and the Cuyahoga river was the boundary line of the two empires on the southerly side of Lake Erie. More than two hundred years ago, on the banks of this boundary stream, Christianity was taught the wild man by the French missionaries, and letters were written to Madame Maintenon, the wife of Louis XIV., now extant in the archives of France, descriptive of the Indians, the lands, the forests and the rivers on the southerly border of Lake Erie, and containing the first description or mention on paper of the wonderful falls over which is discharged the blue waters of the magnificent chain of American lakes. When the English came into possession this part of Ohio became a province of Quebec. Immediately following the Revolution New York and Virginia ceded to the general government all right to this territory based on expressions in the early colonial charters signifying the extension of the grant to the mythical South sea on the west.

In 1786 Connecticut ceded her claim likewise to the United States, retaining, however, so much thereof as is now known as the Western Reserve.

In July, 1787, the Congress of the Confederation of States passed an act organizing the Northwest Territory, and the spring following the first white settlement was made at the mouth of the Muskingum, on the Ohio river, and in 1789 the first Congress under the Federal Constitution gave the Territory a permanent status among the States of the Republic. Indian wars succeeded, General St. Clair's army was defeated; but in 1794 Mad Anthony Wayne, at the head of a wellappointed army, subdued the numerous hostile tribes.

Connecticut, in 1792, gave 500,000 acres of the west end of the "Reserve" for the benefit of her citizens who had suffered by the spoliations of the British, since known as the "Fire Lands."

In 1795 Connecticut sold the remainder of the Reserve lands east of the Cuyahoga river, a little more than 3,000,000 acres, to a syndicate of her citizens, who organized themselves into an association under the name of the Connecticut Land Company, the interests of the company being managed by seven directors.

General Moses Cleaveland, a lawyer of Canterbury, Windham county, Conn., was appointed general agent of the company. In the spring of 1796 a large surveying party was organized, of which General Cleaveland was appointed superintendent. On the 4th of July of that year the party arrived on the territory of the Reserve. It having been determined by the company to lay out a capital town on an eligible site, the high and beautiful plateau at the mouth of the Cuya

hoga, on the east side thereof, was selected, and here in September, 1796, the then future city was surveyed, mapped, and named in honor of their chief by his associates. He was emphatically a gentleman of fine acquirements, polished manners and unquestioned integrity. When the surveying party returned to their homes in the East, only three white persons were left on the Reserve-Job Stiles and his wife and Joseph Landon. The last named soon left and was succeeded by Edward Paine, afterwards General Paine of Painesville, who boarded with the Stiles, and was an Indian trader.

General Cleaveland never afterwards returned to the infant settlement, but died at his native home in 1806, too soon to see the wonderful growth of the city to which he gave his name.

The year 1797 brought James Kingsbury and his family to Cleveland. He was born in Connecticut, but came to the Reserve from Alsted, New Hampshire. Also Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley, his brother-in-law, with their families. This year occurred the birth of the first white child, that of Mr. Stiles. Daniel Eldridge, one of the old surveying party, coming back to the settlement, died and was buried in the first selected cemetery, long since abandoned, now in the heart of the busy city. The first wedding was that of Chloe Inches, a servant in the family of Mayor Carter, who married a Canadian, Mr. Clement, by the Rev. Seth Hart, who had been of the surveying party. In 1799 Rodolphus Edwards and Nathaniel Doan came to the then city on paper. There were a few other names which might be mentioned as being on the ground during the year above mentioned, but Carter, Kingsbury, Edwards and Doane were the real primeval pioneers, whose names are best known to the present generation as men of generous spirit, great endurance and noble deeds, the advance guard of civilization prior to the year 1800.

In 1801 SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, a nephew of Gov. Huntington, of Connecticut, a lawyer of the age of about thirty-five years, settled in Cleveland. He was a member of the first Constitutional Convention, the first State Senator of the county, then Trumbull, presided over that body, was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court in 1803, and elected Governor in 1808. He resided in a block house on Superior street, near where now stands the American House.

Cuyahoga county was created in 1810, Cleveland being the county-seat. The first Court of Record was held in a frame building on the north side of Superior street, June 5, 1810, Judge Ruggles presiding. John Walworth was Clerk of the Court and S. S. Baldwin the Sheriff. In 1812 the first court-house, of logs, was erected on the public square, and in the same year the first execution occurred, that of Omic, the Indian, being hanged for the murder of two white men near Sandusky.

Cleveland was granted a village charter at the winter legislative session of 1814-15. The next year "The Commercial Bank of Lake Erie" was established, with Leonard Case as president.

The Episcopal church was established in 1817, and ten years later was erected its house of worship, corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets.

In 1827 the Ohio canal was completed as far south as Akron, and in 1832 it was in operation from Lake Erie to the Ohio river, resulting in advancing the commercial prosperity of Cleveland and a rapid increase of population. In immediate connection with this great public work was the improvement of the harbor, for which Congress had made an appropriation of $5,000. Small as the appropriation seems now, it sufficed, by honest management and the volunteer help of citizens, to cut a new channel for the river a few rods east of its natural bed and outlet into the lake and the building of piers.

In the same year of 1827 the Presbyterian congregation was incorporated. The society had been in existence since 1820, having been organized in the oid log court-house with fourteen members, and in 1834 the first stone church on the north side of the public square was dedicated. It was burnt in 1858, and the

present noble structure immediately arose from its ashes. The Methodist Conference, in 1830, established a station here, Rev. Plimpton holding the charge. In 1833 the First Baptist Society was organized with twenty-seven members, and erected a church edifice of brick on the corner of Seneca and Champlain streets, which remains there yet, although long since abandoned for religious purposes for a more pleasant locality and a more elegant structure. The pioneer Roman Catholic church came in 1835 and built a house of worship in the valley on Columbus street. The same year the Bethel was built on Water street for the use of sailors; and in 1839 the Hebrew congregation established their first synagogue, and built soon after a fine brick edifice on Eagle street. In less than fifty years all these religious societies, denominations, churches and synagogues have flourished and multiplied in numbers and increased in wealth and influence, and all have been blessed with the happiness resulting from the consciousness that each institution has been guided and instructed by its respective rector, minister, priest and rabbi, ever earnest and faithful in his clerical ministrations, and not a few of whom have been pre-eminent for scholarly attainments and elegance of discourse.

As early as 1786 there was a trading-post at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river to facilitate the transshipment of flour and bacon brought overland from Pittsburg, destined thence by water to the military post at Detroit, being the first lake traffic at this point. The commercial marine of the lakes, now surpassing that of the Mediterranean, had its genesis in the "Griffin," a vessel of sixty tons, built on the Niagara river above the Falls, by La Salle, for exploring service, and sailed on its mission of discovery August 7, 1678. The first vessel launched at Cleveland was a sloop of thirty tons, built in 1808 by the famous pioneer, Lorenzo Carter, and named the "Zepher." From the "Griffin" and the "Zepher" to the year 1887 the lake marine has developed into the enormous proportion of 3,502 vessels of all classes-steamers and sail-craft-with a total tonnage of 905,277.57 tons, according to the excellent authority of the editor of the Marine Record, of Cleveland.

For nearly twenty years ferocious wild beasts of the dense forests in and surrounding Cleveland annoyed and terrified the inhabitants. Bears entered their gardens and dwellings even in the daytime, and at night invaded the barnyards and pigsties, killing and carrying off young porkers, calves, and sheep; and wolves beset the night traveller on streets and avenues now lined with costly residences and palatial mansions.

In 1820 a stage line was established between Cleveland and Columbus, and coaches were run to Norwalk; soon thereafter to Pittsburg and Buffalo. For thirty years this system of passenger travel flourished in all gayety, splendor, and excitement along the several routes, enlivening villages and awakening lone hamlets.

Cleveland was during that period a noted centre of the stage lines between the East and the West and South, until that system of travel was superseded by the railway system, about 1850, when the blast from the bugle and the crack of the stage-driver's whip was no more heard along the turnpike on the high and dry parallel ridges and ancient shores of Lake Erie.

The first railway charter was that of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, followed soon by the Cleveland and Pittsburg, Cleveland and Toledo, and the Cleveland and Ashtabula, or Lake Shore, connecting with the New York Central and New York and Erie. Thus, as early as 1852, a complete line was in operation from the sea-coast to Chicago, and even to Rock Island, on the Mississippi river. This last great modern system of travel and transport had the immediate effect of sweeping from the chain of lakes, as it had the stages from the land, the line of splendid side-wheel steamers and floating palaces that for many years had plied between Buffalo and Chicago, each crowded with hundreds of passengers.

The railroads changed the order of business at Cleveland, and for a brief season the lake commerce at this port presented a gloomy aspect, and total ruin of the

marine industry was prophesied. Fortunately, however, the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley railroad was soon completed, extending into the great coal-fields, and opening up a new territory to trade, and laying the foundation and stimulating manufacturing enterprises, resulting eventually in the creation here of an industrial and producing centre now pre-eminent among the cities of the lakes. Two other railroads within the last decade have been added to the railway system: the Valley railroad, along a portion of the line of the Ohio canal, and the Connotton Valley railroad, both leading into the great southern and eastern coal belt.

With these facilities and the simultaneous opening up of the vast iron and copper regions of Lake Superior, the wonderful and almost mysterious alliance of coal and iron and fire along the banks of the lake and river, within the limits of Cleveland, has resulted in vast iron furnaces, rolling mills, and many branches incident thereto, such as wire mills, nuts and bolts, screws, shovels, engines, and machinery, together with every conceivable branch of manufacturing industry, from the great tube and exquisitely adjustable mechanism of the Lick telescope to a shingle-nail. Here coal and iron meet, and in their resulting industries.

The central lowlands and broad meadows on either side of the wide navigable river for a distance of several miles are the sites of hundreds of great manufacturing plants, whose lofty smokestacks give daily and often nightly evidence of perpetual industry, while the broad and elevated plateaus for five miles distant on both sides are densely covered with mercantile houses, public buildings, mansions of the millionaires, and the more modest but goodly homes of 300,000 people.

Cleveland's municipal existence dates from 1836, with John W. Willey, an eminent lawyer, as its first mayor. At that date the west side of the river constituted Ohio City, but, in 1854, it was united with Cleveland, and William B. Castle was the first mayor after the union, the population being at the following census (1860) 44,000. The city had already been lighted with gas.

The first great public enterprise after the union was in supplying the city with water pumped froin a great distance from the lake shore to a reservoir on the most evated land, the height thereof being artificially increased about a hundred feet,