of activities which general social welfare will demand of the pupil in coming years. A beginning in the sort of social organization necessary to supply this laboratory practise may already be seen in progressive public schools. Athletic teams-football, baseball, basketball and track-are provided for by the employment of coaches and less organized sports are led by play directors. Literary and dramatic organizations, debating clubs, art and musical societies and even political clubs are stimulated and supervised. Social clubs, class organizations, and festive celebrations are fostered and sponsored. Boy Scouts, Campfire Girls, Christian Associations and Red Cross Units are made school auxiliaries. All school organizations are used to build up an esprit de corps and inter-school contests and cooperative enterprises are organized to add zest to local patriotism and extend the reach of small group virtues. Self-government is introduced as far as possible in order to give practise in social responsibility by regulating conduct from within. School cities and other civic enterprises are organized to stimulate civic interest and ideals, civic knowledge and civic virtues. In short every feasible type of social organization is used to bring into the child's mind at the earliest moment the sense of group responsibility and to give him training in the sort of social activities and relationships he will have to meet in later life. In order to increase the functional directness of this instruction as real situations as can be divised are created by connecting them up wherever possible with similar organizations outside the school. In conclusion it should be noted that the three principles underlying the aim of education above discust are not mutually exclusive or contradictory. On the contrary they are reciprocally dependent and supplementary. They form different points of approach to a unified educational end or different processes leading to a rounded cultural efficiency. Each process reinforces the other and no one can be effective without the aid of the other two. Appreciation of art or literature or history or civics or domestic economy or social hygiene can not be obtained without knowledge and a certain amount of practical work in those fields. Knowledge in one of these fields can not be obtained without developing a certain taste for it and thru active effort which has more or less functional value in the formation of social service habits. Likewise the extent and wisdom of our training for institutional efforts are dependent upon cultural appreciation and utilitarian knowledge. While the first two of these principles have received disproportionate emphasis in the past and have become so imbedded in tradition that to restore a balance demands special attention to the last, viz., utilization, no complete education is possible without adequate emphasis upon all three principles from the kindergarten to the graduate school. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL WALTER ROBINSON SMITH IV INSURANCE AND ANNUITIES FOR COLLEGE TEACHERS The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was incorporated by Congress on March 10, 1906. The Founder exprest his intention in a letter to the trustees on April 16, 1905: "I have reached the conclusion that the least rewarded of all the professions is that of the teacher in our higher educational institutions..... Able men hesitate to adopt teaching as a career, and many old professors whose places should be occupied by younger men, can not be retired. I have, therefore, transferred to you and your successors, as Trustees, $10,000,000.00, five per cent First Mortgage Bonds of the United States Steel Corporation, the revenue from which is to provide retiring pensions for the teachers of Universities, Colleges, and Technical Schools in our country, Canada and Newfoundland under such conditions as you may adopt from time to time." On March 31, 1908, Mr Carnegie wrote further: "Should the Governing Boards of any State Universities apply for participation in the Fund and the Legislature and Governor of the State approve such application, it will give me great pleasure to increase the Fund to the extent necessary to admit them-making the Fund Fifteen Million Dollars in all." These funds were entrusted to a permanent, self-perpetuating board of twenty-five trustees. Of these, fifteen remain unchanged, namely: Presidents Butler of Columbia, Denny of Alabama, Hadley of Yale, McCormick of Pittsburgh, Peterson of McGill, Schurman of Cornell, and Thwing of Western Reserve Universities; President Humphreys of Stevens Institute of Technology; Presidents Crawford of Allegheny, King of Oberlin, and Plantz of Lawrence Colleges; Messrs. T. Morris Carnegie and Frank A. Vanderlip, president of the National City Bank; Henry S. Pritchett, the president, and Robert A. Franks, the treasurer of the Foundation. Presidents Bell of Drake, Craighead of Tulane, Eliot of Harvard, Harper of Chicago, Harrison of Pennsylvania, Hughes of DePauw, Jordan of Leland Stanford, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton Universities; and Presidents McClelland of Knox and Seelye of Smith Colleges, resigned as trustees on their retirement from educational work. They were succeeded by Presidents Remsen of Johns Hopkins University, Slocum of Colorado, and Taylor of Vassar Colleges, who also resigned on their retirement, and by Presidents Bryan of Indiana, Burton of Minnesota, Falconer of Toronto, Kirkland of Vanderbilt, Lowell of Harvard, Smith of Pennsylvania, and Van Hise of Wisconsin Universities, and by Thomas W. Lamont, of J. P. Morgan & Company, who complete the present board. The first chairman of the board, President Eliot, was succeeded by Presidents Harrison and Peterson, and by the present chairman, President Hadley. President Thwing has served as secretary of the board from the beginning. Of the original executive committee of seven, five remain unchanged, namely: Messrs. Butler, Franks, Humphreys, Pritchett, and Vanderlip; two of the original members, Provost Harrison and President Wilson, have been succeeded by Presidents Hadley and SchurOf the officers of administration, who are elected and hold office at the pleasure of the board, Henry S. Pritchett has been President from the beginning. As treasurer, T. Morris Carnegie was succeeded, in 1910, by Robert A. Franks. As secretary, John G. Bowman was succeeded, in 1911, by Clyde Furst. man. The conviction of the trustees that it was desirable in providing retiring allowances to recognize the educational service of institutions as well as of teachers, resulted in the establishment of a list of Associated Institutions, for all of whose qualified teachers allowances should be available as a matter of course, in addition to such allowances as might be granted outside of these institutions in recog nition of individual service. The initial list of Associated Institutions contained fifty-two universities, colleges, and technical schools-Clark, Columbia, Cornell, Dalhousie, George Washington, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Lehigh, Leland Stanford, McGill, New York, Pittsburgh, Princeton, Tulane, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Vermont, Washington, Western Reserve, and Yale Universities; Amherst, Beloit, Carleton, Colorado, Dartmouth, Grinnell, Hamilton, Hobart, Knox, Lawrence, Marietta, Middlebury, Mount Holyoke, Oberlin, Radcliffe, Ripon, Smith, Trinity, Tufts, Union, Vassar, Wabash, Washington and Jefferson, Wellesley, Wells and Williams Colleges; Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Case School of Applied Science, Clarkson College of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Bates, Dickinson, and RandolphMacon Woman's Colleges, were added in 1907; Cincinnati and Drake Universities; Bowdoin, Centre, Drury and Franklin Colleges, and Rose Polytechnic Institute, in 1908. In 1909 the list was reduced by the withdrawal of George Washington and Randolph-Macon, and increased by the addition of Coe and Swarthmore Colleges and the Universities of Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Toronto, and Wisconsin. California, Indiana, Purdue, and Wesleyan Universities were added in 1910; the University of Virginia in 1911, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1913, and the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1914, thus making up the present total of seventy-four institutions. By the twelfth annual meeting of the trustees, on November 21, 1917, the Foundation had awarded 431 retiring allowances and 134 widows' pensions thru these Associated Institutions, at a cost of $4,230,111.46; and 133 retiring allowances and 38 widows' pensions in 87 other institutions in all parts of the country at a cost of $1,230,865.69, the total expenditure for the 736 allowances and pensions being $5,460,977.15. The initial rules provided retirement at the age of sixtyfive, after fifteen years of professorial service, on an annual |