divine service on Sundays, holydays, and the celebration of the holy communion, was published at Berlin, in 1822. This was designed primarily for the use of the royal and cathedral church in Berlin, but has been generally adopted in Prussia. Calvin prepared no liturgy, but his followers in Geneva, Holland, France, and other places, drew up forms of prayer, of which the Genevese and the French are the most important. The Genevese liturgy contains the prayer with which divine service begins, a confession of sins, public prayers for every day in the week, and for some particular occasions, the Lord's prayer, decalogue, and creed, &c. A new liturgy of the French reformed church was compiled in 1826. The Kirk of Scotland, or the Scotch Presbyterian church, has no liturgy. The Directory for the public Worship of God contains directions for the assembling of the congregation, the manner of proceeding, &c. In 1562, the Book of Common Order, or Knox's Liturgy, was recommended to be used by those who were unable to pray without a set form. In England, before the reformation, the public service of the church was performed in Latin, and different liturgies were used in different parts of the kingdom. The most celebrated of these were the Breviary and Missal, secundum usum Sarum, compiled by the bishop of Salisbury about 1080. They consisted of prayers and offices, some of very ancient origin, and others the produce of later times. In 1536, by Henry VIII's direction, the Bible, Paternoster, creed and decalogue were read in English. In 1547, Edward VI commissioned Cranmer, Ridley, and 11 other divines, to draw up a liturgy in English. This was published in 1549, and again, with some changes, in 1551, whence it was called the Second Prayer Book of Edward VI. In the reign of James I, and, finally, at the restoration, it underwent new revisions. This was the last revisal in which any alteration was made by authority. A liturgy of the New Church (the Swedenborgians) signified by the New Jerusalem in the Revelation, was published by the Swedenborgian general conference in England, in 1828. The liturgy of the episcopal church in Scotland, is at present not very different from that of the church of England. The attempt of Charles I (1637) to introduce into Scotland a book of common prayer, copied from the English, produced the solemn league and covenant. The Directory was afterwards adopted, but

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by no means strictly adhered to. In 1712, the English Book of Common Prayer was finally adopted, with some modifications. The Book of Common Prayer of the Protestant Episcopal church in the U. States was adopted in 1789, and, besides some minor deviations from the English, it omits the Athanasian creed, and, in the Apostles' creed, leaves the officiating minister the discretional power of substituting, for the expression "he descended into hell," "he went into the place of departed spirits." It has adopted the oblation and invocation in the communion service, in which it approximates to the Scottish communion office, and has add ed six forms of prayer-for the visitation of prisoners; for thanksgiving for the fruits of the earth and other blessings; for morning and evening prayer in families; for the consecration of a church or chapel; and, lastly, a beautiful and impressive office of institution of ministers. (See Koecher's Bibliotheca Liturgica; Bingham's Origines Ecclesiastica; Comber's Scholastical History of Liturgies.)

LIVADIA; the ancient Hellas (q. v.), or Middle Greece (see Greece); situated to the south of Janna, or Thessaly (q. v.), and north of Morea (q. v.), bounded east by the Ægean, and west by the Ionian sea, 5800 square miles in extent, and containing 250,000 inhabitants, chiefly Greeks. The name is derived from the town of Livadia (or Lebadia; 2000 houses and 6000 inhabitants). The boundary between Livadia and Thessaly is formed by the mountain Eta (on whose summit Hercules was burned), now called Kumaita. It is only accessible, at least for artillery, by a narrow pass between Eta and the swamps on the Malian gulf (gulf of Zeitouni), or the famous pass of Thermopyla. (q. v.) In the war of the Greek revolution, several decisive battles were fought in this part of the country, the most bloody near the town of Zeitouni, the ancient Lamia, which lies to the north. From this pass, which is about six miles long, we enter, 1. Locris, the northerly part of Livadia; farther south lie, 2. Phocis, with the ancient Elatæa, now Turko-Chorio, watered by the river Cephissus, and intersected by mount Parnassus (q. v.); and, still more southerly, 3. Boeotia; 4. Attica; and 5. Megaris; to the west are, 6. Ætolia; and 7. Acarnania. The ancient names of places are now revived, and Middle Greece has been divided into East and West Hellas. (See Greece, Revolution of Modern.) The boundary of Greece, as

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settled by the protocol of February, 1830, runs north of Livadia, thus placing it within the kingdom of Greece. The character of the present inhabitants of these countries is as various as their descent and mode of life. The first inhabitants of the coast were chiefly of foreign, or, as the Greeks called it, of barbarian descent. Their occupation was piracy. The mountaineers were robbers, constantly at war with their oppressors. Missolonghi (q. v.), the only strong-hold on the western coast, has been rendered celebrated by late events. To the north is the ancient Actium (q. v.), or Azio. Prevesa, which, with Parga (q. v.), and the coast of Epirus, was ceded to the Turks in 1800, and Arta (q. v.), near the gulf of Arta, belong to Albania. In the southerly part of Locris lies Lepanto. (q. v.) In Boeotia (q. v.) is the town Livadia, formerly Lebadia, at the foot of mount Helicon, near which are the cave of Trophonius (q. v.), and the fountains of Mnemosyne (memory) and Lethe (oblivion). Not far off are Leuctra and Platæa (q. v.), and the ruins of Thespiæ, whose inhabitants were selected by Leonidas to die for their country, with the 300 Spartans. Tanagra, on the Esopus, was the birth-place of the celebrated Corinna. (q. v.) Mount Citharon divides Boeotia from Attica (q. v.) and from Megaris. (q. v.) (See Greece.)

LIVE OAK. (See Oak.)

LIVER (jecur, hepar); a large gland which occupies a considerable portion of the cavity of the belly, and which secretes the bile. It is a single organ, of an irregular shape, brownish-red color, and, in general, is smaller in proportion as the individual is more healthy. It occupies the right hypochondrium, or space included by the false ribs, and a part of the epigastric region, and lies immediately under the diaphragm (midriff), above the stomach, the transverse colon, and right kidney; in front of the vertebral column, the aorta and the inferior vena cava, and behind the cartilaginous edge of the chest. The right false ribs are on its right, and the spleen on its left. The superior surface is convex, and the inferior is irregularly convex and concave, which has given rise to the division into the right, or large lobe, the small, or inferior lobe, and the left lobe. The right extremity of the liver is lower than the left, and is the most bulky part of the organ. The pressure of the surrounding organs, and certain folds of peritoneum, called its ligaments, which connect it with the dia

phragm, retain the liver in its place, leaving it, at the same time, a considerable power of changing its relative position. The organization of the liver is very complicated. Besides its peculiar tissue, or parenchyma, the texture of which is unknown, it receives a larger number of vessels than any other gland. A peculiar venous system-that of the vena portarum-is distributed in it. To this must be added the ramifications of the hepatic artery and veins, the nerves, which are small, the lymphatic vessels, the excretory tubes, and a peculiar tissue, enclosed by a double membrane, a serous or peritoneal, and a cellular one. The excretory apparatus of the bile is composed of the hepatic duct, which, rising immediately from the liver, unites with the cystic duct, which terminates in the gallbladder. The choledochic duct is formed by the union of the two preceding, and terminates in the duodenum. (See GallBladder, and Bile.)

LIVERPOOL; a borough town of England, in the county palatine Lancaster; the principal seaport in the British dominions. It extends along the eastern bank of the Mersey, about three miles, and, at an average, about a mile inland. On the west side of it, and forming a remarkable feature in the town, lie the docks, which, with the wharfs, warehouses, &c., extend in an immense range along the bank of the river. On the other side, the town is prolonged into numerous suburbs, consisting of villas and country houses, the residence or retreat of its wealthy citizens. The streets are mostly spacious, airy, some of them elegant, and the greater part of them lighted with coal gas. The older and more confined parts of the town are in a state of improvement. The public buildings are elegant. The principal of these are the town hall, exchange buildings, corn exchange, lyceum, athenæum, Wellington rooms, infirmary, workhouse, blue-coat school, dispensary, and asylum for the blind. There are at present 20 churches belonging to the establishment, many of them of much architectural beauty; a greater number of chapels belonging to various denominations of dissenters; with four Roman Catholic chapels, a meeting-house for Quakers, and a Jews' synagogue. The charitable institutions are numerous and well conducted. About 1500 patients are admitted annually into the infirmary. The blue-coat hospital maintains and educates about 200 boys and girls. The school for the blind is on a most extensive scale.

A handsome and spacious theatre, and a circus, are open during great part of the year. At the royal Liverpool institution, public lectures are given; and attached to it is a philosophical apparatus and a museum of natural curiosities. A botanic garden was also established in 1801, at an expense of about £10,000. The lyceum and the athenæum consist each of a news-room and library. There are also the Union news-room, the music-hall, the Wellington rooms, opened in 1816, for balls, concerts, &c., the town hall, the exchange buildings, erected in 1803, for commercial purposes. The area enclosed by the fronts of these buildings and the town hall, is 197 feet by 178. In the centre of the area is erected a superb group of bronze statuary, supposed to be the largest in the kingdom, to commemorate the death of lord Nelson. The trade of Liverpool is very extensive. The most important branch is the trade with Ireland, from whence are imported from 2300 to 2500 cargoes of provisions, grain, &c.; and in return are shipped salt, coals, earthenware, &c. The second branch of commerce is that with the U. States, which consists of more than three fourths of the whole commerce of this country with England. Of this commerce, cotton-wool is the chief article, and may be termed the staple of the Liverpool trade. In 1830, of 793,695 bales of cotton imported into England, 703,200 were carried into Liverpool. In 1824, the whole amount imported into Liverpool was 578,323 bales, of which 413,724 were from the U. States. The West India trade may be considered next in importance. The trade of Liverpool to other parts of the globe, is very great, and rapidly increasing, particularly to the East Indies. In 1824, the amount of the exports of Liverpool was £20,000,000 sterling; the number of vessels belonging to the port in 1829, was 805, of 161,780 tons. Liverpool has an extended system of canal navigation, which has grown up with its increasing trade, and by which it has a water communication with the North sea. The manufactures are chiefly those connected with shipping, or the consumption of the inhabitants. There are extensive iron and brass founderies, brewe ries, soap-works and sugar-houses. In the vicinity are many wind-mills for grinding corn, which have a very striking appearance; also a large tide-mill, and another worked by steam. A great number of men are employed in building, repairing and fitting out vessels. Of the finer manufactures, the watch-movement

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and tool business is carried on extensively, being almost entirely confined to this part of the kingdom; and in the neighborhood is a china-manufactory, where beautiful specimens of porcelain are produced. Liverpool sends two members to parliament, chosen by about 4500 freemen. It is governed by the corporation, consisting of a common council of 41 persons, from among whom a mayor and two bailiffs are annually chosen by the free burgesses. The following is an account of the progressive increase of its population :-In 1700, 5000; in 1760, 26,000; in 1773, 34,407; in 1790, 56,000; in 1801, 77,653; in 1811, 94,376; in 1821, 118,972 (or, including the suburbs and a floating population of 10,000 sailors, 151,000); in 1831, 163,000; with the suburbs, 200,000. The Liverpool and Manchester rail-road commences with a tunnel, 22 feet high, 16 broad, 6750 long. The thickness from the roof to the surface of the ground, varies from 5 feet to 70. About two thirds of it is cut through solid rock. The railroad is continued through the remaining distance of 30 miles, with embankments, viaducts and excavations. It is traversed by locomotive steam-carriages, consuming their own smoke, and running at the rate of 18 miles an hour. The quantity of merchandise conveyed between Liverpool and Manchester, has lately been estimated at 1500 tons a day, the number of passengers at 1300. But the most remarkable objects in Liverpool are its immense docks. The old dock, the first opened, was constructed in the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1821, there were six docks and basins, covering an area of 63 square acres. The Brunswick dock has since been added, of 10 acres, and additional docks are in contemplation, which will give an area of 92 square acres. 1724, the dock dues were £810 11s.; in 1828, £141,369, on 10,700 vessels. Before the sixteenth century, Liverpool was a mere hamlet; in 1716, her merchants began to engage in the trade to America and the West Indies. The growth of the manufactures of Manchester promoted the growth of the place, while an extensive contraband commerce with South America and the chief portion of the African trade, made it the first seaport in Great Britain. 204 miles from London; 36 from Manchester; lon. 2° 59′ W.; lat. 53°25′ N.

In

LIVERPOOL, Charles Jenkinson, earl of, was the eldest son of colonel Jenkinson, the youngest son of sir Robert Jenkinson, the first baronet of the family. He was born in 1727, and educated at the Char

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ter-house, wnence he removed to University college, Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A. in 1752. In 1761, he obtained a seat in parliament, and was made under-secretary of state. In 1766, he was named a lord of the admiralty, from which board he subsequently removed to that of the treasury. In 1772, he was appointed vice-treasurer of Ireland, and was rewarded with the sinecure of the clerkship of the Pells, purchased back from Mr. Fox. In 1778, he was made secretary at war, and, on the dissolution of the administration of lord North, joined that portion of it which supported Mr. Pitt, under whose auspices he became president of the board of trade, which office he held in conjunction with the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster, given him in 1786. In the same year (1786), he was also elevated to the peerage, by the title of baron Hawkesbury, of Hawkesbury, in the county of Gloucester; and, in 1796, he was created earl of Liverpool. He remained president of the board of trade until 1801, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster until 1803. His death took place on the 7th December, 1808, at which time he held the sinecures of collector of the customs inwards of the port of London, and clerk of the Pells in Ireland. The earl of Liverpool for a long time shared in all the obloquy attached to the confidential friends of the Bute administration, and, in a particular manner, was thought to enjoy the favor and confidence of George III, of whom it was usual to regard him as the secret adviser. The earl of Liverpool was the author of the following works-a Discourse on the Establishment of a Constitutional Force in England (1756); a Discourse on the Conduct of Great Britain in Regard to Neutral Nations, during the present War (1758); a Collection of Treaties, from 1646 to 1673 (3 vols., 8vo., 1785); a Treatise on the Coins of the Realm, in a Letter to the King (1805).

LIVERPOOL, Robert Banks Jenkinson, earl of; son of the preceding; born in 1770, and died in 1828; known in public life, from 1796 to 1808, as lord Hawkesbury; from 1812 to 1827, first lord of the treasury. He was educated at the Charter-house; on leaving which, he was entered of Christ-church, Oxford. His father directed his reading and studies in political economy, and other branches of political science at this time; and, on leaving the university, Mr. Jenkinson set out on his travels. He was in Paris at the outbreak of the French revolution, and, in

1791, took his seat in the house of commons, in which he distinguished himself as a debater and an efficient member of the house. In 1801, he was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs, and, two years later, was called to the house of peers as baron Hawkesbury. On the death of Pitt (1806), the premiership was offered him, but declined; and, after the short administration of Fox, his former office was again conferred on him, in the Percival ministry. After the assassination of Mr. Percival, lord Liverpool (as he had become, on the death of his father, in 1808) accepted (1812), though reluctantly, the post of premier. His administration was marked by great moderation and prudence at home, but the foreign department bore the different impress of lord Londonderry (q. v.) and Canning. (q. v.) Lord Liverpool lost popularity by the trial of the queen, which was closed, as is well known, by the abandonment of the bill of pains and penalties, on the part of the ministers. It was on this occasion, that earl Grey demanded of him "how he dared, upon such evidence, to bring forward a bill of degradation, the discussion of which had convulsed the country from one end to the other, and might have been fatal to her independent existence." A paralytic stroke, in the beginning of 1827, having rendered him incapable of attending to business, Mr. Canning succeeded him in the premiership.

LIVERWORT. The plant so called is the hepatica triloba of Pursh. Like many other supposed remedies, it has had a temporary reputation for the cure of pulmonary consumption. It is a pretty little plant, flowering very early in spring, and is common to the U. States and Europe. There are two varieties, one with obtuse, and the other with acute lobes to the leaves.

LIVERY (livrée). At the plenary courts in France, under the sovereigns of the second and third races, the king delivered to his servants, and also to those of the queen and the princes, particular clothes. These were called livrées, because they were delivered at the king's expense. The expense of these donations, together with that of the table, the equipages, the presents for the nobles and the people, amounted to an immense sum. A prudent economy afterwards suppressed these plenary courts, but the livery of the servants still remained. In London, by livery or livery men, are meant those freemen of the city who belong to the 91 city companies, which embrace the various trades of the

metropolis; they have the exclusive privilege of voting at the election of members of parliament and of the lord mayor. Out of this body, the common council, sheriffs, aldermen, and other officers for the government of the city, are elected.

LIVIA DRUSILLA; wife of the emperor Augustus, daughter of Livius Drusus Claudianus, who lost his life in the battle of Philippi, on the side of Brutus and Cassius. She was first married to Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had two sons, viz. Drusus and Tiberius. When she fled with her husband to Italy, before the triumvir Octavianus, she narrowly escaped being made prisoner by him, who afterwards became her husband. From that place, she went with her son to Antony, in Achaia, and when her husband was reconciled to Augustus, returned to Rome. Here her personal and mental charms made such an impression on the triumvir, that he repudiated his wife Scribonia, in order to marry her, and, in the 715th year of Rome, tore her, though pregnant, from her husband. Livia knew how to use her power over the heart of Augustus, for the attainment of her ambitious purposes, and effected the adoption of one of her sons as successor to the throne. At her instigation, Julia, the only daughter of Augustus, was banished. Ancient writers, too, almost universally ascribe to her the deaths of the young Marcellus, of Lucius Cæsar, and the banishment of Agrippa Posthumus. Augustus, having no longer any near relatives, yielded to her requests in favor of Tiberius. In the emperor's will, Livia was constituted the first heiress, was received into the Julian family, and honored with the name of Augusta. She was also made chief priestess in the temple of the deified Augustus, and many coins were struck in her honor. But Tiberius proved himself very ungrateful to his mother, to whom he was indebted for every thing, and would not allow the senate to bestow upon her any further marks of respect. He did not, however, treat her in public with disrespect; but, when he left Rome, in order to gratify his lusts in an uninterrupted solitude, he fell into a violent dispute with her, did not visit her in her last sickness, would not see her body after her death, and forbade divine honors to be paid to her memory.

LIVINGSTON, Philip, one of the signers of the American Declaration of Independence, was born at Albany, in New York, January 15, 1716, was graduated at Yale college, in 1737, and became a 3

VOL. VIII.

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merchant in New York. In 1759, he was returned a member to the general assembly of the colony, and afterwards to the general congress of 1774, and to the congress that issued the Declaration of Independence. In 1777, Mr. Livingston was a senator in the state legislature of New York. In 1778, he was again deputed to the general congress, where his efforts aggravated a dropsy of the chest. He died, June 12, 1778, at York, Pennsylvania, to which congress had retired.

LIVINGSTON, Robert R., an eminent American politician, was born in the city of New York, November 27, 1746. He was educated at King's college, and grad-. uated in 1765. He studied and practised law in that city with great success. Near the commencement of the American revolution, he lost the office of recorder, on account of his attachment to liberty, and was elected to the first general congress of the colonies; was one of the committee appointed to prepare the Declaration of Independence; in 1780, was appointed secretary of foreign affairs, and, throughout the war of the revolution, signalized himself by his zeal and efficiency in the revolutionary cause. (See his letters, in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolution.) At the adoption of the constitution of New York, he was appointed chancellor of that state, which office he held until he went, in 1801, to France, as minister plenipotentiary, appointed by president Jefferson. He was received by Napoleon Bonaparte, then first consul, with marked respect and cordiality, and, during a residence of several years in the French capital, the chancellor appeared to be the favorite foreign envoy. He conducted, with the aid of Mr. Monroe, the negotiation which ended in the cession of Louisiana to the U. States, took leave of the first consul (1804), and made an extensive tour on the continent of Europe. On his return from Paris, as a private citizen, Napoleon, then emperor, presented to him a splendid snuff-box, with a miniature likeness of himself (Napoleon), painted by the celebrated Isabey. It was in Paris that he formed a friendship and close personal intimacy with Robert Fulton, whom he materially assisted with counsel and money, to mature his plans of steam navigation. (See Fulton, and Steam-Boat.) In 1805, Mr. Livingston returned to the U. States, and thenceforward employed himself in promoting the arts and agriculture. He introduced into the state of New York the use of gypsum and the Merino race of sheep.