Mangrove Ecosystems: Function and ManagementSpringer Science & Business Media, 26 de mar. de 2002 - 292 páginas Protection of the environment has nowadays become a major challenge and a condi tion for survival of future human generations and life on Earth in general. Yet it is still far too much of a dream or hope rather than a reality in the policy of our societies. Presently we are experiencing an unprecedented exponential growth of demography combined with a race for profit, resulting in excessive consumption particularly of en ergy, and a serious impact on the world ecosystems. Various types of pollutants and emerging new diseases not only disrupt the normal course of life, but also above this some of the atmospheric pollutants are most likely involved in the changing climate. We fear and literally shiver at the thought that the "changing climate" would ultimately disrupt the fragile thermodynamic equilibrium between the atmosphere and the oceans. Are we insensitive to these facts to the point of pushing our descendants, some genera tions ahead, into a new glacial period after a first period of warming up, at least, in northern Europe, like the one that took place 13 to 14 millennia ago? Surely the planet's nature is not prepared to be dominated by man and will go its way, whether humanity will be alive or dead. |
Conteúdo
American Mangroves | 1 |
112 Mangrove Diversification in the GulfCaribbean Region | 5 |
114 Extension of Mangroves on the American Continent | 6 |
12 Flora Composition and Distribution | 11 |
121 True Mangrove Trees | 12 |
122 Associated Flora | 17 |
13 Mangrove Fauna | 20 |
132 Crabs | 21 |
IndoWest Pacific Mangroves | 123 |
a Unique Marginal and Fragile System | 125 |
33 Arid Coastal Systems Including Coastal Lagoons | 129 |
34 Estuarine and Deltaic Mangrove Ecosystems | 135 |
341 Mangroves of Bangladesh Sundarbans and Accretion Areas | 142 |
342 South and Southeast Asia River Deltas | 157 |
343 Mangroves of the Irrawaddy and Mekong River Deltas | 158 |
35 Small Deltas and Coastal Mangrove Ecosystems | 161 |
133 Mollusks | 23 |
134 Fish | 24 |
135 Insects | 25 |
137 Reptiles | 27 |
139 MangroveRoot Epibiontic Community | 28 |
1310 The Sediment Fauna | 29 |
1311 Mangroves and Fisheries | 30 |
14 Mangrove Forest Structure and Development | 31 |
142 Primary Production Biomass Distribution and Allocation | 35 |
15 The Physical Environment | 37 |
152 Hydrology | 39 |
16 Environmental Impacts on Mangrove Ecosystems | 41 |
162 Human Impacts | 45 |
17 Mangrove Uses | 52 |
18 Mangrove Management in the Neotropics | 54 |
182 Management and Conservation of Mangrove Areas | 58 |
19 Concluding Remarks | 61 |
Mangroves of Africa | 63 |
22 Extent and Distribution of Mangroves | 66 |
222 East Africa | 72 |
23 Physical Environment | 77 |
232 East Africa | 83 |
24 Mangrove Vegetation | 86 |
242 Mangrove Zonation | 88 |
243 Productivity | 90 |
244 Ecophysiology | 93 |
25 Mangrove Associated Fauna | 97 |
252 Vertebrates | 99 |
26 Uses of Mangroves | 100 |
262 East Africa | 103 |
27 Natural Threats to Mangrove Ecosystems | 107 |
272 East Africa | 108 |
28 Human Threats to Mangrove Ecosystems | 109 |
Restoration and Rehabilitation | 112 |
292 East Africa | 115 |
210 Conclusion | 118 |
Dedication | 120 |
36 Oceanic Islands | 174 |
361 Socotra | 175 |
364 Mangroves from Other West Pacific Islands | 185 |
365 Small Ocean Islands of the West Pacific | 189 |
37 Systems Dominated by SocioEconomic Factors Management and Phenology | 195 |
38 Concluding Remarks | 211 |
Acknowledgements | 215 |
Mangrove Phenologies and the Factors Influencing Them in the Australasian Region | 217 |
42 Definitions | 218 |
44 The Influence of Floral Phenologies on Genetic Variation | 222 |
45 Year to Year Differences in Floral Development | 224 |
46 Latitudinal Influences on Floral and Leafing Phenologies | 226 |
461 Continuous Flowering in Equatorial Sites | 227 |
47 Links between Floral and Leafing Phenologies in Avicennia marina | 228 |
481 Predictions Based on Observed Patterns in Avicennia marina | 229 |
482 Using the Equation Model to Predict Floral Phenologies of Avicennia marina | 230 |
483 Testing the Model in a Special Case a Near Equatorial Site at Singapore | 231 |
49 Conclusions | 233 |
Integrated and Adaptive Mangrove Management Framework an Action Oriented Option for the New Millennium | 235 |
52 Causes of Destruction and Wetland Loss | 237 |
522 Property Rights and Mangrove Ecosystems | 238 |
523 Government Failures and Management Rights | 239 |
53 Diversity in the Mangrove System SpatialTemporal Variation in Wetlands | 241 |
54 National Mangrove Policies Strategies and Plans | 242 |
55 Economic Valuation | 245 |
56 Uncertainty about SpatialTemporal Interconnectedness | 247 |
57 Land Use Zoning | 248 |
58 Community Participation | 249 |
59 Integrated Adaptive Mangrove Management Framework IAMMF | 250 |
591 Reflective Stage | 251 |
592 Policy Options Stage | 252 |
593 Action Management and Management Instrument | 254 |
510 Application of the ThreeTiered Process | 255 |
257 | |
281 | |
287 | |
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Termos e frases comuns
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