SUPERIOR COURTS.

Number.-One in each county, or city and county, for which one Judge shall be elected at the general State election; excepting that San Francisco may have twelve Judges; Los Angeles, six; Yuba and Sutter Counties together, only one; and Sacramento, San Joaquin, Sonoma, Santa Clara and Alameda Counties, two. Term of Office,

six years.

Duties. To hear all cases involving title or possession of real property or the legality of taxes; criminal cases, misdemeanors, etc.; to issue naturalization papers and to hear appeals from Justices' Courts ; the Court must be always open, except on holidays and non-judicial days. Any Superior Judge may hold a Court in any county at the request of a Superior Judge thereof.

Salary. Three thousand dollars, one-half paid by the State, onehalf by the county for which he is elected.

Qualification.-No one can be Supreme Court Justice or Superior Judge until he has been admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the State.

JUSTICES' COURTS.

Number.-One in every city and county having more than 100,000 in population, for which five Justices of the Peace are elected at the general State elections. One at least in every township of the State for which one Justice of the Peace is elected; provided, that where the Supervisors think it necessary two Courts may be established and one Justice of the Peace elected for each. Every city having 10,000 and less than 20,000 inhabitants, may have one Justice of the Peace, and every city having 20,000 and not more than 100,000 inhabitants, may have two Justices of the Peace. Term of Office, two years. per annum. All fees collected They have jurisdiction on con

Salary. From $2,000 to $2,700 must be paid into the City Treasury. tracts, actions for damages and the recovery of money less than $300 and in criminal cases less than felony.

POLICE COURTS.

Police Courts are established in incorporated cities and counties, cities and towns. The presiding officer is called a Police Judge; and he decides upon matters relating to violation of all city ordinances.

COUNTY GOVERNMENT.

There are fifty-three counties, embracing the whole area of the State. No new county can be formed with a population less than 5,000. Counties are classified according to their population. A county of the first class has a population of 100,000 or over, such as San Francisco. A county of the forty-eighth class has less than 2,000 inhabitants, as Alpine. A new classification can be made under the census of 1890. County officers may be found below.

The Sheriff is generally considered the most important officer in the county. County officers reside in the town that has been selected as the County Seat and perform their work in a building called the Court House.

CITY GOVERNMENT.

Our law defines a city to be a subdivision of a county not exceeding in extent six square miles, with not less than 2,000 inhabitants. Cities have charters of their own (which define their privileges), and their own officers. They are the same as those in counties, with the addition of Mayor, Police Judge, Justice of Peace, Superintendent of Streets and Board of Health. The Mayor is the highest officer.

The principal Township Officers are two Justices of the Peace and two Constables. Government by the people is the main principle of Republican governments.

Names of Officers.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT.

COUNTY-Sheriff, Tax Collector, County Clerk, Auditor, Recorder, Treasurer, Assessor, District Attorney, Superintendent of Schools, Coroner, Surveyor, Public Administrator, Superior Judge, Supervisors, (five), Com. of Highways (in counties of first class), Board of Education.

CITY-The same Officers as for the county, with the addition of Mayor, Police Judge, Justice of the Peace, Superintendent of Streets.

SALARIES OF OFFICERS.

United States Officers. -One President. $50,000; one Vice-President; $8,000; one Secretary of State, $8,000; one Secretary of War, $8,000; one Secretary of Treasury, $8,000; one Secretary of Navy, $8,000; one Secretary of Interior, $8,000; one Secretary of Agriculture, $8,000; one Attorney-General, $8,000; one Postmaster-General, $8,000; one Treasurer $6,000; one Commissioner of Education, $3,000; one Chief Justice Supreme Court, $10,500; one Chief Justice

Supreme Court, D. C., $4,500; eight Associate Justices Supreme Court, $10,000; five Associate Justices Supreme Court, D. C., $4,000; five Judges Court of Claims, $4.500; sixteen Territorial Judges, $3,000; nine Circuit Judges, $6,000; sixty-three District Judges, $3,500-$5,000; six Territorial Governors, $2,600-$3,000; eighty-four Senators, $5,000; three hundred and thirty Representatives, $5,000; one Speaker of House of Representatives, $8,000; one President pro tem Senate, $8,000; five Territoral Delegates, $5,000. State Officers-One Governor, $6,000; one Lieutenant-Governor, $3,000; one Secretary of State, $3,000; one Controller, $3,000; one Treasurer, $3,000; one Attorney-General, $3,000; one Superintendent Public Instruction, $3,000; one Surveyor-General, $3,000; one Clerk Supreme Court, $3,000; one Judge Supreme Court, $6,000; six Associate Judges, $6,000; one hundred and twenty members Legislature, $8 per day and mileage; four Members Board Equalization, $3,000; three Railroad Commissioners, $4,000; one Superintendent State Printing, $3,000; one Adjutant-General, $3,000; three Bank Commissioners, $3,000 and traveling expenses; one Insurance Commissioner, $3,000; three Pilot Commissioners, fees; one Commissioner Bureau Labor Statistics, $2,400; one Commissioner Immigration, fees; one Registrar Voters, $3,000; fifteen Directors Insane Asylums, $130 to $135; one State Librarian, $3,000.

TABLE OF STATE INSTITUTIONS.

Name, Location.—State University, Berkeley; State Agricultural College, Berkeley; State Normal School, San Jose; State Normal School, Los Angeles; State Normal School, Chico; Insane Asylum, Stockton; Insane Asylum Napa; Insane Asylum, San Jose; *Insane Asylum, Ukiah; Hospital for Insane, San Bernardino; Deaf, Dumb and Blind Asylum, Berkeley; Home of Feeble-Minded Children, Glen Ellen Industrial Home Adult Blind, Oakland; Reform School, Whittier; Preston School of Industry, Ione; Home for Soldiers' Widows' Orphans, Santa Clara; Veteran's Home, Yountville.

*Not completed.

SUMMARY.

Outline of Civil Government of California.-Discovered by Spanish and English navigators, 16th Century. First settlement, Mission of San Diego, July 16, 1769; Missions established from 1769 to 1804; San Jose founded by Spanish, 1777; Los Angeles founded by Spanish, 1781; Fort Ross established by Russians, 1812; Spanish Rule changed

to Mexican, 1822; First Mexican Governor, Don Luis Arguello, 1823, Sutter's Fort built, 1841; Last Mexican Governor, 1846; San Francisco named, 1847; First Military Governor of California, Com. John D. Sloat, 1846; Became Territory of U. S., 1848; Admitted as a State, Sept. 9, 1850: First Capital, Monterey; Capital since 1854, Sacramento.

TABLE OF OFFICERS.

Elected by People.-*Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, *Secretary of State, Controller, Treasurer, *Attorney-General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Clerk of Supreme Court, Surveyor-General, Judges of Supreme Court, Associated Judges of Supreme Court, Members State Legislature, Congressmen, Members Board of Equalization (four); Railroad Commissioners (three).

*State Board of Examiners.

Appointed by Governor.-Adjutant-General, Superintendent State Printing, Bank Commissioners (four), *Fish Commissioners (three), *Insurance Commissioners (one), Commissioner Bureau of Labor Statistics, Commissioner of Immigration, State Analyst, Registrar of Voters, S. F. Harbor Commissioners, *Pilot Commissioners (three), Park Commissioners (three), Commissioners State Board of Horticulture, Commissioners State Board of Viticulture, Commissioners State Board of Agriculture, *Directors of Insane Asylums, Regents State University, Trustees State Normal Schools, Notaries Public.

* With consent of Senate.

Appointed by Legislature. -Trustees State Library, United States

Senators.

DISTRICTS.

Agricultural, 29; Congressional, 6; Senatorial, 40; Assembly, 80; Railroad, 3; Equalization, 4.

The following concise outlines of our Federal Government, compiled by Professor George Chandler, of Osage, Iowa, and printed for the use of his teachers by the Hon. Henry Sabin, State Superintendent of Iowa, will be found so useful to all teachers, that we think it well to reproduce them here. Mr. Sabin says in regard to them :

"This course is by no means exhaustive. The teacher will find it a benefit to consult text-books upon this subject, such as may readily be procured, at small expense. If he will first take pains to inform himself, and carefully prepare his work, he will find no difficulty in interesting those under his care in this study.

These outlines should be used in the County Institutes for the purpose of drilling the teachers in the best methods of presenting this subject before their classes. There is no topic of greater interest to the people, or more important in its bearings upon our social and political welfare. "

OUTLINE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

Our Government is Called a Republic.

UNITED STATES.

The present Constitution of the United States went into effect March 4, 1789. The Revolution resulted in the independence of the American Colonies, and even before the treaty of Paris, which closed the war, was signed, it was evident that a strong constitution was needed upon which to build the new republic. Before considering the provisions of the Constitution, it may be well to outline the different steps by which our present form of government was established. The most important ones to be considered are the following:

I.

2.

Declaration of Independence, adopted July 4, 1776.
Articles of Confederation.

Proposed by Congress, June 11, 1776. Adopted by Congress, November 15, 1777. Ratified by Maryland, the thirteenth colony, March 1, 1781. Went into effect March 2, 1781.

3.

Revision of Articles of Confederation. Proposed by Washingington, 1785.

4. Trade Convention met at Annapolis, Maryland, September, 1786.

5.

Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia. Organized May 25, 1787, and elected George Washington its President. Adopted the present Constitution of the United States, which was to be binding upon the States ratifying it as soon as the assent of nine States was ob tained. Adjourned September 17, 1787.

6. Ratification by the States: Delaware, December 7, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 26, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790.

The purposes for which our government was founded are clearly stated in the Preamble to the Constitution, which is given below: