In autumn and winter, Governor Lane explored the coast, and visited the Indian tribes extensively." He visited the Chesopians on Elizabeth River; the Moratucks on the Roanoke; the Chowanokes, on the Chowan; and visited the coast as far as Cape Hatteras. All the Indians upon the eastern borders of Albemarl Sound, were called Weapomiocks, and Okisko was their chief.

We have noticed the death of Granganimo, and the accession of Wingina his brother. This chief plotted mischief and ruin to the English. Monatennon also, sachem of the Chowanokes, attempted to divert Governor Lane by distant adventures, either to draw him from his coast, or divide his force, so that he might destroy such as remained, and that the insulted Indians, who had been burnt out, might destroy the others. To effect this, he represented to Governor Lane, that at the distance of three days' journey, lived a powerful king or sachem, whose 'country abounded with pearls, and offered him guides to 'conduct his journey: but gold, not pearls, was the object

of Lane and his company. When Monatennon discovered the object that the governor had in view, he observed that at the head of Moratock, a branch of the Roanoke, was the land of gold, distant thirty or forty days' journey. That this river sprang from a great rock, that was so near to the salt water, that the spray dashed across in the storms, and injured the fresh water in the river. This story of Monatennon was confirmed by his son Skiks, who described such quantities of copper ore upon this river, as being much purer, and of a lighter colour than usual, that led the governor to fancy himself in the neighbourhood of the great South Sea, and dream of golden mines, whose ore was washed down the stream of the Moratock. Full of these golden dreams, the governor seized the sachem, in the midst of a people that could boast of three thousand warriors, determined to hold him as a hostage, whilst he as

Gended the river; but whilst he was obtaining a pilot from the coast, he dismissed the sachem, and made a captive of his son Skiks. From this hostile treatment of the governor, the Moratock Indians took the alarm, and fled into the country. The Mangoacs followed their example, and the river was cleared of every Indian, and with them al! sustenance was removed; but on the third day the savages ⚫ returned, and commenced an attack upon the governor and his company, which compelled him, after making a fruitless resistance, to abandon his golden dreams, and hasten down the river. On his way he touched at Chiponock, (where Edenton now stands.) where he obtained a supply of fresh fish from the wares of the flying savages, and on the next day returned to Roanoke Island.

During the absence of the governor, Wingina attempted to carry into execution his part of the plan, and destroy the English that remained, by deserting the island, and 'thus cutting off their support; but the return of the governor changed the plan, and Wingina entered into a deep conspiracy, amongst the neighbouring chiefs, and invited them to a grand festival. At this festival he collected fifteen hundred warriors, who, at a given signal at a given time, were to set fire to the governor's house, and murder the governor, and this was to be the signal for a general murder and conflagration. At this critical moment, Skiks, the generous captive, disclosed to the governor the whole plot, and saved the colony. The governor commenced an attack upon such Indians as were at hand, and destroyed their canoes, and in the morning, he crossed over the Bay, and fell upon Wingina, and put him, with his attending chiefs, to the sword, and thus saved bis colony. At this eventful moment arrived in the road, Sir Francis Drake, who offered the colony a supply of provisions for four months, for one hundred men, and boats, with a vessel of a good size; but all to no purpose; the spirits of the VOL. II.

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colony were low, both from the disasters which they had suffered, and the still greater disasters they apprehended might await them, from the subtle machinations of the hos tile savages, who were fired with a spirit of revenge, for the, wanton abuse which they had suffered. The colony, with their governor at their head, broke up, embarked on board the fleet, and returned to England, June 19, 1586.

Shortly after the sailing of the fleet, a large vessel arriv-. ed, with stores for the colony; but they were not, to be found, and they all returned safe to England. Ten or fifteen days after this, Sir Richard Grenville arrived with three ships, with supplies for the colony; he touched at Hatterask, and sought in vain for the colony, amidst their deserted village. He landed fifteen men with stores for two years, and returned to England. The next spring this little colony were visited by the fleet, and colony sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh under Governor White, as has been noticed. Governor White, agreeable to his instructions, attempted to remove the little colony of Roanoke, and to fix a permanent colony in Virginia, upon the waters of the Chesapeake; but Simon Fernando, a Spaniard, commanded the largest vessel, and through his obstinacy and malconduct, the whole enterprise was defeated. Governor White sent to enquire after the colony which had been left by Sir Richard Grenville; but they were not to be found. He next attempted to make a treaty with Wingina's Indians; but, this they refused; he then, at the request of the little colony at Roanoke, returned to England, where he obtained another flect, which was ready to sail in the spring; but were prevented by the Spanish war, and the Invincible Armada.

Sir Walter Raleigh had now expended about forty thousand pound sterling, in his attempts to settle a colony in America, and under the pressure of the Spanish war, he sold out all his claims, with his patent, to Sir Thomas

Smith, and his associates, who formed the London company, which has been noticed. Such was the anxious. solicitude of Sir Walter Raleigh, for the preservation of the little colony at Roanoke, that immediately after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, he obtained permission to dispatch three privateers into those seas, to cruize against Spanish commerce, and for the express purpose of carrying out Governor White to the colony. The governor sailed; but by certain adverse events, he sailed without one planter to attend him, and after capturing several Spanish prizes in the West-Indies, arrived at Roanoke. He landed in search of his little colony, but they had fled to Croatoan, as was discovered by a certain mark upon a tree; their houses were demolished; but their fort remained a solitary monument of their former existence. It was agreed to sail for Croatoan in quest of the colony; but a violent storm obliged the vessels to stand off to sea, to get clear of the land, and when the storm was over, they steered back to England. Thus this little colony was abandoned to its fate, notwithstanding the repcated efforts Sir Walter had made, from time to time, to afford them relief; and they ultimately perished.

Should the enquiry arise in the minds of my readers, why a colony could not be planted in these mild regions of the south, without all this expence of treasure and of lives? The answer is clear-their manners were badbeing haughty and imperious, they provoked ruin by their abuse of the savages. Their morals were bad-they were destitute of religion and of moral principles, they were unjust to the savages, and they were unjust to each other. Their habits were bad-born and educated in habits of indolence and vice, they had neither the knowledge nor the disposition to provide for their wants by industry and labour. Eager in pursuit of gold, they ransacked the country in quest of their darling object, and when their

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stores of provisions were exhausted, which they had brought out with them, instead of having stores of their own providing, they were driven by hunger to plunder the savages, which provoked revenge, wars, and destruction.

Thus we have seen the force of evil habits, and a set of men starving in a mild climate, upon a rich and fertile soil, where the active and industrious planters of America would have grown rich, and who under circumstances less favourable, have even grown rich, by taming the savage, clearing the forest. cultivating their lands, planting towns, and multiplying and extending commerce. Such, and so powerful are the force of industry, religion, morals, and good habits.

Under these multiplied calamities, numerous adventurers, attempted, and continued to attempt, to plant colonies in the regions of the south, for about one whole century, before they effected the first permanent establishment, at Jamestown, in Virginia, 1610..

We have noticed the rise and progress of the colony at Jamestown, in Virginia, down to the time of the dissolution. of their charter, and the royal assumption of their governmeat. The prevailing religion in this colony, was the Episcopal, or the Church of England.

During those religious persecutions in England, that raged in the reign of James I. and Charles I. many Quakers fled into exile, and attempted to take refuge in the colony of Virginia; here they found the same persecution which they had left, and like Roger Williams in New England, they fled into the wilderness, and took refuge in North-Carolina, and planted a colony upon Albemarl Sound. Thus the adventures of Sir Walter Raleigh, opened the way for the settlement of North-Carolina, through the persecuting spirit of the colony at Jamestown, in Virginia.

James I. had just divided the colony granted to Sir Walter Raleigh, and then revoked their charter, by which