During this period of ten or twelve years, both colonies flourished; settlements were formed upon the Neus and Taw Rivers; the county of Bath was formed in the south, and peace and good order had in some measure succeeded the times of anarchy and misrule.

During this period also, some special displays of Divine Providence were added to the wisdom of Governor Archdale's administration, in forwarding and promoting the settlement of Carolina. Pamlico River was first settled in 1698, in consequence of a sweeping sickness that raged amongst those river Indians, and nearly swept off and destroyed that tribe, in 1696, and the Carolina Indians were, at that time, severely humbled by another powerful tribe ; both which circumstances prepared the way for the English to enter upon a quiet possession of those vacated lands, in 1698, This settlement thus extended, in the fore part of the 18th century, changed the former name of the province from that of "Albemarle County in Carolina," to that of "the Colony of North-Carolina," and the governor in his commission was henceforth stiled the Governor and Captain-General, Admiral and Commander in Chief, of that part of our province of Carolina that lies North east of Cape Fear. Some of the commissioners described it as "that part of Carolina which extends from Virginia to Pamlico River, and five miles to the southward." But the assembly in their acts called it NorthCarolina. Thus situated, the colony flourished, and the population progressed, until the several precincts, in these original counties of Albemarle and Bath, became so extensive, that the whole were called counties, about the year 1738. Such was the scarcity of money in the colony in those days, that the several articles of traffic were substituted in the place of money, and made payable for quit-rents, and other debts, and the price of these articles was fixed by law-even judgments of court were entered upon the

docket as payable in particular articles therein specified. The proprietors received their quit-rents by their agents, who stored their articles of barter and exchange, and shipped them to England, the West-Indies, or elsewhere. Assignments of lands, or quit-rents were sometimes made to public officers to guarantee their support, as was done with Governor Ludwell and others.

With the change of the constitutions, the name of the Supreme Court was changed from that of Parliament, to that of General Assembly; this change of name could be remembered; but the laws they enacted could hardly be expected to be remembered, for they were not yet printed; at the rising of each assembly, the laws then enacted were read aloud in the audience of the people, and thus the laws were so far supposed to be known, that no man was allowed to plead ignorance. At one session of a biennial assembly, more than fifty laws were enacted, yet they were published to the people only by one reading; and even had they been printed, how many might be supposed could have read them, in a colony where even a printing press was prohibited, as it then was, both in Carolina and Virginia. A circumstance that called forth the emotions of Sir William Berkely in gratitude to Heaven, "that there was not a printing press in all the southern provinces." Ignorance ever has been the soil, on which alone arbitrary and despotic power, could flourish; but how much is it to be lamented, that all sticklers for such despotic sway, do always forget to remember, (or in other words,) always disregard the fact that ignorance ever has, and ever will be the hot-bed of bigotry and superstition, the carrion that breeds factions, discords, tumults, riots, rebellions, and civil wars, which often by their excesses and ravages produce famines, pestilences, with the whole train of the heavy judgments, with which God in his providence, scourges a licentious, corrupt, and abandoned people. At a period

so late as 1722, was built the first court-house in Carolina ; hitherto all their public tribunals had been held in private houses.

It has not yet appeared by any historian of those times, what were the staple products of Carolina, (deer skins, hides, tallow, and small furs, were the articles generally entered upon the dockets at country prices, to satisfy a judgment of court)—but the articles of rice and tar were not then contemplated, as late as the first of the 18th century. Two circumstances introduced these into notice. A ship from Madagascar bound to London, touched at the bar on her voyage, and the captain gave a few kernels of seed rice to the governor; from this, rice became the staple. In the reign of Queen Ann, the Swedes, (who had hitherto furnished tar for the English navy,) became extravagant in their demands, the queen offered a large bounty upon tar, which encouraged the manufacture of tar in Carolina, which has become another staple in the colony, 1704.

Hitherto all religions had prevailed in Carolina; and but little regard had been paid to any, unless by way of party, as we have seen in their attempts to oppress the people by Episcopacy. "In the year 1702, the Assembly passed a law, by which thirty pounds currency per annum, were raised in each precinct, towards the support of a minister, In the following year, the first Episcopal minister arrived from England; he was chiefly supported by Lord Weymouth. In the year 1705, the first church was built in Chowan precinct, and a larger church was built the following year at Perquimons. Two Episcopal ministers arrived about this time. The province was afterwards divided by law into parishes, each precinct, in general, forming one parish. The people on Neus, and all the southern settlers, were then included in Craven parish. Magistrates were authorised by the same law to join parties in marriage, provided there was not a minister in the parish,

otherwise he was subject to a fine of five pounds for performing that service. Protestant dissenters were allowed by another act to worship in public, subject to the same rules, regulations, and restrictions, as were contained in the several acts of Parliament in England. Quakers were permitted by law to affirm, instead of swearing; but they could not by virtue of such affirmation give evidence in any criminal case, or serve on a jury, or hold an office of profit or trust in the land. These were the first departures in the northern government from the original engagement of the proprietors, on the subject of religion: but the spirit of intolerance grew stronger as the province increased in population; for the constant influence of patronage, and numerous emigrations from Virginia, had given the Episcopalians a majority in the legislature."*

That ferocity of the savages, which distressed the first settlers about Pasquetank, had thus far been restrained since the settlement of the present colony, and the parties had hitherto lived in good neighbourhood; but they were now about to suffer the scourges of savage and civil wars together. This scene opened first with the civil war, and in the following manner. Their deputy-governor, Thomas Carey, had been collector of the proprietary quit-rents; but for mal-conduct they removed him from the offices of deputy governor and receiver of rent, and directed the council to elect a president to administer the government. A meeting of the deputies was held, and they elected Mr. Glover president. Carey continued his seat in the council, with apparent satisfaction, until he had by his intrigues formed a party, which he believed sufficient to impower him to seize on the government, and he made the attempt with an armed force, but it failed; and at the same time a commission arrived from the lords proprietors, to Edward

* I have given this important religious feature of their history, in a correct extract from their historian, Dr. Williamson.

Hyde, as Lieut. Governor. Gov. Hyde promised to redress all the grievances of which Carey complained; but this was not the object; Carey had been deposed, and now taken arms to recover the government, and was resolved to persevere. Gov. Spotswood of Virginia attempted to interpose, by offering his mediation, but all was vain; Carey looked to the government, and was resolved to obtain it. He next commenced an attack upon Edenton, but was repulsed with loss; failing in this, he fortified the private house of an English factor at Pamlico. This factor had brought out arms, rum, &c. suitable for such an insurrection, and was ready to join in any measures that would render him popular at the expense of the government. Carey's active force had not become very strong; but from the passive or neutral state of the colony, he hoped to augment his forces so far as to be able to succeed. Governor Hyde, sensible that a body of regular troops were in Virginia, requested of the governor the aid of a detachment to quell the insurrection; the governor complied, and sent a party of mariners, from such ships as lay in the Road, and the mob were soon dispered. Carey fled into Virginia, under a pretence of embarking for England; but the governor seized him, and sent him a prisoner to England, together with one Truit, one of the partizans of Carey.

Thus the second volume of Culpepper was closed without effecting the object, or producing any serious effects on the government. Governor Hyde, agreeable to his instructions, issued his proclamation, offering pardon to all the insurgents, except Thos. Carey, John Porter, and three others; and tranquillity was again restored.

Notwithstanding the black catalogue of events which marked the character of Carolina, yet it stands recorded by their historian, "that in 1708, only two persons had been executed for capital offences, the one a Turk, for murder, and the other an old woman, suspected of witchcraft." In 1703, Albemarle sound was frozen over.