and retired to England in the twelfth month of the same year. William Penn was truly the father of his little province, and both loved and cherished it with all possible paternal affection; yet as great men are not always wise, so he erred in this appointment, and the wisdom as well as prudence of his officer corrected the mistake. In 1689, the public school of the friends was founded in Philadelphia ; in the year 1697, it was incorporated by charter, and in 1701 this charter was confirmed by patent from the proprietary, and in 1708 he fixed the number of the corporation to that of fifteen, all which were to be Quakers; 'under the title of "the Overseers of the Public School, founded in Philadelphia, at the request, cost, and charges of the people called Quakers." In 1711, William Penn renewed the charter of this school, whereby he confirmed all the other charters, and appointed that fifteen overseers should be chosen by the corporation, to inspect the affairs of the school; George Keith was then appointed the first master of the school.

CHAPTER XII.

CAROLINA CONTINUED.- RISE AND PROGRESS OF CAROLINA, CONTINUED, FROM THE CLOSE OF CULPEPPER'S REBELLION, TO THE CLOSE OF CARY'S REBELLION.

ALTHOUGH We have shewn in the last chapter, how Carolina progressed in the settlement of the North and South governments, until they became distinctly separate, and were under the direction of their own governors; yet such continues to be the similarity of their characters, arising from the similarity of their governments, and pursuits, that I shall carry them forward together under the name of Carolina, until a difference of character shall render it necessary to treat of them separately. We closed the last chapter with the whiskey riot. This subject now engrossed the attention of the lords proprietors, to determine whether they should proceed to force, to render the laws respected, or receive the submission of the offenders upon easy terms. The latter appeared to be the most eligible, and the offenders were pardoned upon fair promises, and the government received a wound from which it never recovered.

Under this plan of mild government, which the colony had adopted, it became absolutely necessary, that a man of prudence, integrity, firmness, and wisdom, should take the chair, and manage their affairs. But instead of such a governor, the lords proprietors appointed one Sothel, who had recently become a proprietor, by buying the share of Lord Clarendon, and of course received the appointment of governor, and set sail for Carolina; but Sothel was taken on his passage, and carried into Algiers, by one of their corsairs, and John Jenkins was appointed, pro tem, to fill the chair in the government of Albemarle. Under his wise and prudent administration, the former

Virginia grants were confirmed, agreeable to instructions from the lords proprietors, bearing date February, 1679. An act of indemnity was passed in favour of the late rioters, saving the indemnity to the crown for duties due. Thus relieved from the arm of the law, the rioters began to persecute their opponents with such bitterness and severity, that many fled into Virginia for safety and protection. In the midst of this persecution Governor Sothel arrived, who came out with instructions from the lords proprietors to redress all grievances, and by a firm, yet mild and equitable government, restore order, peace and concord to the colony; but what is the force of council to a mad man, or the power of wisdom to an idiot, or the influence of justice and moderation upon the sordid and avaricious? Sothel had become proprietor as an object of gain; and had embarked for his government, determined to obtain his object, and gratify the avarice of his soul. Whether he possessed an innate contempt for justice, or whether he acquired this possession at Algiers, is not essential to be known, since he had become an adept in all those arts by which man oppresses his fellow men; and the six years of his administration exhibit a scene as replete with rapine and injustice, as are to be found on record. Justice and injustice, innocence and guilt, were with him synonymous terms, and money was the only make weight in the scale; well might it be said of him, "When the wicked bear rule the people mourn." Such was his oppression and injustice, that the people did mourn; but not in silence, or despair; for they seized the offender, and were about to send him off to England for his trial; but he plead for mercy, and prayed to be tried by the colonial assembly: they granted his prayer, the assembly tried him, and sentenced him to depart the colony in twelve months; and he complied with their decree.

Governor Sothel retired into South Carolina, where like Culpepper, he joined himself to a faction that were opposing the governor, who was attempting to reform the abuses of that colony; his zeal on the part of the malecontents, soon brought him into notice, and this notice soon placed him in the chair, and the southern colony became the subjects of the same oppression, that had been felt in the northern. Thus Sothel was made the instrument of scourging both colonies in succession, and this led the people to renounce their present form of government, and return back to their charter, and reject the fundamental constitutions. Doomed to perpetual evil, Carolina saw no end to her troubles; torn with internal dissensions, which farose from the corruptions of the people, and the corrupt administration of her government, she hoped to remove the latter, by returning to the charter; and she hoped also -by this to correct the former; but in making this change new troubles awaited her. The first sketch of the constitutions contemplated, was sent over to the colony in a rough unfinished state, and was at once received and put into operation, 1669; but the true constitutions, as they were designed by the lords proprietors, to become the basis of the government, were not received until March, 1670, the first being then in operation, and withall most favourable to the people, was received, and supported by the majority, and the latter rejected; yet the latter was supported by a party, and thus different interests sprang Jup in the colony, which now began to be felt, and had become difficult to reconcile; the people finally united in rejecting the constitutions; but the distracted state of the government had gendered all those excesses that arise out of idleness, anarchy, and rapine; and honest men fled the colony, as they now flee the yellow-fever.

A general court was held in the northern colony in 1694, when it was ascertained that the list of taxables amounted

ter.

to only seven hundred and eighty seven; about one half of the number of the colony in the days of Culpepper, Thus we have occasion to see how much the happiness or wretchedness of a people depend upon individual charac"When the wicked bear rule the people mourn." Philip Ludwell, who was appointed to succeed Sothel, entered upon the duties of his office, with firmness, integrity, and a steady eye to the inflexible principles of justice. He promised redress to all such as had suffered wrongs under the administration of Sothel; and he opened wide the courts of justice, to those whom Sothel had de. frauded in his private capacity, and thus became a minister of good to this distressed people: justice flourished under his fostering care, and dispensed her favours to the oppressed, with a liberal hand. After a wise administration of four years, Governor Ludwell, was succeeded by Thomas Harvey. The wisdom and integrity of Governor Harvey were equal to those of his predecessor; but he was wanting in that firmness, and decision which were so conspicuous in Governor Ludwell, and which were also very essential to the prosperity of a state, torn as was Carolina, by licentiousness, discord, and anarchy. We. have seen how the disorders of the northern colony, in the time of Culpepper, became infectious, and spread into the south, and have seen the corrupt effects of this in raising a Sothel to the chair, at the head of a factious, demoralizing mob. Thus we are led to see, not only in this instance, but in thousands of others, upon the whole page of history, that when the morals of the people become corrupt, knaves, and rogues, and ambitious demagogues become the tools of faction, until they rise into power; then mobs and factions become their tools to rivet the chains of slavery upon the necks of the people, and thus they become their despots. As the two colonies of North and South Carolina had, until of late, been under one govern