by general Amherst, destined to take Lewisburg; one under general Abercrombie, to act against Crown Point; and a third under general Forbes, to drive the French from the Ohio. A fleet, under admiral Boscawen, and twelve thousand men, under general Amherst, laid siege to Lewisburg; which, after a vigorous resistance, surrendered. Three French ships of the line were set on fire by bombs, and burnt in the harbor. Two others were boarded and taken, and forty cannon out of fiftytwo, in the principal bastions, were dismounted, before the besieged consented to capitulate. The inhabitants of the isle were sent to France, and the prisoners to England. Colonel Rolls was then dispatched, with a body of troops, to St. Johns, which isle submitted to the arms of England. After the conquest of Canada, in 1760, the fortifications of Lewisburg were utterly demolished, and reduced to a heap of rubbish.

391. Defeat of general Abercrombie. The French had erected a fort at Ticonderoga, at the point of communication between lake George, South Bay, and lake Champlain. To dispossess them of this important place, and of Crown Point, was the object of general Abercrombie, with the main division of the forces, amounting to seven thousand British regulars, and ten thousand colonial troops. This army arrived near Ticonderoga in July. After disembarking from the batteaus, the troops had to march through woods, and the center column, under lord Howe, a young officer of great worth, met and defeated a detachment of the French forces, retreating from an outpost; but this advantage was purchased by the loss of lord Howe. The main hody advanced and attacked the fort, but the French were so well protected by abbattis, and a breast-work eight feet high, that the British troops could not carry the works. After an action of four hours, during which the troops were exposed to a terrible fire, the general ordered a retreat, having lost eighteen hundred men, and returned to the camp at lake George.

392. The taking of fort Frontenac and Pittsburg. The ill success at Ticonderoga was in part counterbalanced by the taking of fort Frontenac, on the St.

Lawrence, near lake Ontario, by a party of colonial troops, under colonel Bradstreet. This fort was garrisoned by a hundred and ten men only; but contained a great number of cannon, mortars, military stores, provisions, and goods. Nine armed vessels were also taken. The whole was effected without bloodshed, and the fort demolished. During these transactions, general Forbes marched from Philadelphia, with a considerable body of troops, to attack the French fort, Duquesne. After passing the mountains, he detached colonel Bouquet, with two thousand men, to a position fifty miles in advance. This officer sent major Grant forward with eight hundred men, to reconnoiter the fort and country. The detachment met a superior French force, and was defeated with the loss of major Grant and three hundred men. But the French, not willing to risk a siege, abandoned the fort, and retired down the Ohio. General Forbes took possession, and gave it the name of Pittsburg, which the town since built continues to bear.

393. Operations of general Amherst. In 1759, the efforts of the British and Americans to reduce the French were more successful. General Amherst, with the main army, crossed lake George, to lay siege to Ticonderoga; but the French abandoned that post and Crown Point. General Amherst took possession, repaired the fort at Ticonderoga, and leaving a strong garrison in it, proceeded to Crown Point, where he raised a new fort. Here he built a sloop of sixteen guns, and a large boat for six guns, with a brig. With these, and his batteaus, he embarked to proceed down the lake, but he was baffled by tempestuous weather. The land forces were compelled to return, but the armed vessels proceeded, and drove ashore three of the French vessels. General Amherst spent the winter in completing the fortifications at Crown Point, and in opening roads to the colonies.

394. Reduction of Niagara. During these transactions, general Prideaux laid siege to the French fort at Niagara, in the prosecution of which he was killed, and the command devolved on sir William Johnson. This officer urged the siege, and defeated a party of

troops, coming from Detroit to Venango, to the relief of the place. This success hastened the surrender of the fort, which capitulated the last week in July. This was a valuable acquisition, as well as the possession of Crown Point and Ticonderoga.

395. Victory of general Wolfe, and surrender of Quebec. The forces destined against Quebec were intrusted to general Wolfe, a young officer, who had distinguished himself, the preceding year, at the siege of Lewisburg. The army, amounting to eight thousand men, landed on the isle of Orleans, below Quebec, in June. Quebec stands on a rock, at the confluence of Charles river and the St. Lawrence; it is naturally strong, and was well fortified and defended by a superior force under general Montcalm. General Wolfe had to contend with immense difficulties, and a detachment of his troops attacking the French entrenchments at the falls of Montmorenci, was repulsed with the loss of five hundred men. At length the British troops landed in the night, and ascended a steep, craggy cliff, to an ele

vated place which commanded the town. This compelled the French to hazard a battle, which was fought on the 13th of September, in which general Wolfe was killed, and the French general, Montcalm, mortally wounded; but the French were defeated; and in a few days the town was surrendered to general Townsend upon capitulation.

396. Operations at Quebec in 1760. General Murray, with six thousand troops, was left to garrison Quebec. By means of the rigors of the climate, and a want of fresh provisions, one thousand of these men died before spring, with the scurvy, and two thousand were disabled from duty. Near the close of April, the French troops, which had been collected during the winter, to the number of ten thousand, attacked general Murray, and defeated his small army, with considerable loss. But general Murray retreated to the town, which he bravely defended, against superior numbers, until the arrival of a squadron of ships, and the destruction of the French ships in the river, induced the French commander, Vaudreuil, to abandon the siege.

397. Final reduction of Canada. Early in the summer of 1760, general Amherst put in motion his troops, with a view to attack Montreal, the last fortress of consequence remaining in the hands of the French. Advancing from Albany to the lake, he took the French fort at Isle Royal, and proceeded down the St. Lawrence to Montreal, where he was joined by general Murray, from Quebec. While preparing to lay siege to the place, Vaudreuil made offers of capitulation, which were accepted, and the town was surrendered on the 7th of September. A small French squadron, sent with provisions and stores to relieve the troops at Montreal, was destroyed by captain Byron, in the bay of Chaleurs. The inhabitants of Canada submitted, and took the oath of allegiance to the British crown. Thus, after a century of wars, massacres, and destruction, committed by the savages, the colonies were secured from ferocious invaders, and Canada, with a valuable trade in furs, came under the British dominion.

398. Expedition of colonel Montgomery. While

the troops were conquering Canada, the Cherokees, a powerful tribe of savages, were committing outrages on the frontiers of Virginia and Carolina. Governor Lyttleton, of South Carolina, with a body of colonial troops, entered the country, and obliged the Indians to sue for peace, which was granted. But the savages violated the treaty, and attempted to surprise a fort on the frontiers of Carolina. General Amherst, on application, sent colonel Montgomery, with twelve hundred troops, to protect the southern colonies. This officer penetrated into the heart of the Cherokee country, plundering and destroying all the villages and magazines of corn. In revenge, the savages besieged fort Loudon, on the confines of Virginia; the garrison, after being reduced to extreme distress, capitulated; but on their march towards Carolina, a body of savages fell upon the party, and murdered five and twenty of them, with all the officers, except captain Stuart,

399. Progress and termination of this war. Colonel Montgomery being obliged by his orders to return to Canada, the Carolinians were alarmed for the safety of the colony, and prevailed with him to leave four compa nies of men for their defense. Canada being entirely subdued, general Amherst sent colonel Grant, with a body of troops, who landed at Charleston early in 1761. These troops, being joined by a regiment of colonial forces under colonel Middleton, undertook an expedi tion into the Cherokee country; in which they defeated the savages, with the loss of fifty or sixty of their own men. After destroying fourteen Indian towns, with the corn and stores, the troops repaired to fort Prince George for rest and refreshment. In a few days after, severa chiefs of the Indians arrived with proposals of peace, which were gladly received and peace concluded.

400. Conclusion of the war in Europe, and the peace of Paris. The reduction of Canada, and the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, put an end to important military operations in America. The great purpose of the war, which was to expel or cripple the power of the French, on the western frontiers, was happily accomplished. In Europe, the war continued to rage,