CASES ARGUED AND DETERMINED IN THE CIRCUIT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE SECOND CIRCUIT. BENJAMIN H. FIELD. vs. AUGUSTUS SCHELL. The 20th section of the tariff Act of August 30th, 1842, (5 U. S. Stat, at Large, 565,) in regard to the rate of duty on non-enumerated articles, was not repealed by the Act of July 30th, 1846, (9 Id., 42,) or by the Act of March 3d, 1857, (11 Id., 192.) (Before SMALLEY, J., Southern District of New York, May 30th, 1860.) THIS was an action against the Collector of the port of New York, to recover back an alleged excess of duties exacted by him on several importations of caustic soda, made after the passage of the tariff Act of March 3d, 1857, (11 U. S. Stat. at Large, 192.) The defendant imposed upon the article a duty of fifteen per cent. ad valorem, which was paid under protest, the plaintiff claiming that it was liable to a duty of only four per cent., under the 20th section of the tariff Act of August 30th, 1842, (5 Id., 565,) on the ground that it resembled soda ash more nearly than it resembled any other article enumerated in the Act of 1857, and that soda ash was, under that Act, liable to a duty of only four per cent. Caustic soda was not enumerated in the tariff Act of 1842, or in that of 1857, VOL. V.-1 Field v. Schell. or in the tariff Act of July 30th, 1846, (9 Id., 42.) The plaintiff introduced considerable evidence, to show that caustic soda bore a close similitude, in material, quality, and the uses to which it was applied, to soda ash. The Court charged the jury, that if, from the evidence, they were satisfied that caustic soda resembled soda ash, in material, quality and the uses to which it was or might be applied, or either of them, more nearly than it resembled any other article enumerated in the Act of 1857, then only four per cent. duty should have been charged on it, and their verdict ought to be rendered for the plaintiff, for the excess. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and the defendant now moved for a new trial, on the ground of an alleged misdirection of the Court to the jury, in such charge. John McKeon, for the plaintiff. James I. Roosevelt, (District Attorney,) for the defendant. SMALLEY, J. Whether there was error in the charge of the Court, depends upon the question whether the 20th section of the tariff Act of 1842 has been repealed by either the Act of 1846 or the Act of 1857. That 20th section provides, that "there shall be levied, collected and paid on each and every non-enumerated article which bears a similitude, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any enumerated article chargeable with duty, the same rate of duty which is levied and charged on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned; and, if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied, collected, and paid on such non-enumerated article, the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article it resembles paying the highest duty; and, on all articles manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rates at which any of its component parts may be chargeable." The 3d section of Field v. Schell. the Act of 1846 provides, that, "from and after the first day of December next, there shall be levied, collected, and paid, on all goods, wares, and merchandise imported from foreign countries, and not specially provided for in this Act, a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem." The 11th section of the same Act provides, "that all act and parts of acts repugnant to the provisions of this Act, be, and the same are hereby, repealed." These sections, considered by themselves, would seem to indicate, quite decidedly, an intention to repeal the 20th section of the Act of 1842, and, if this was an open question, I should have had great difficulty in coming to the conclusion that such was not their design and effect. It cannot now, however, be regarded as an open question. The Supreme Court, in the case of Stuart v. Maxwell, (16 How., 150,) after an elaborate argument and full consideration, decided, that there was no necessary repugnance between the Act of 1846 and the 20th section of the Act of 1842, and, consequently, that the former did not repeal the latter, and that the duty, which was in that case assessed under the 20th section of the Act of 1842, was rightly assessed. The case turned upon that question, it was the only point made or decided, and this Court must be governed by it. It was argued by the defendant's counsel, that, in the case of Stuart v. Maxwell, the Government sought to avail itself of this 20th section to enforce the payment of a higher rate of duty than it would otherwise have been entitled to, and thus increase the revenue; and that that decision, being in favor of the Government, was not applicable to this case. It is very difficult to see why, if this 20th section is to operate in favor of the Government in one case, to increase the revenue, it should not operate in a similar case against it, although it may diminish the revenue. Why the Government should be permitted to avail itself of this 20th section for the purpose of increasing the duties, and the importer should not be permitted, under the same or similar circumstances, to avail himself of it for the purpose of diminishing the duties, I am at a loss to conceive. But, if there could, at any time, have been a doubt upon that question, it is removed by the case of Ross v. Peas Field v. Schell. lee, (2 Curtis C. C. R., 499,) in which Mr. Justice Curtis, (who delivered the opinion of the Court in Stuart v. Maxwell,) held, that this 20th section was in force, and did not operate to reduce the duties in that case, from twenty per cent. to five per cent. This brings us to the Act of 1857. the 20th section of the Act of 1842? Does that Act repeal reason for saying that it does, than for saying that the Act of 1846 does. There is nothing in the Act of 1857 which indicates any intention to extend the Act of 1846, or in any way to change or interfere with the construction given thereto, further than generally to reduce the duties, and take certain articles from one schedule and place them in another, and put others into the free list. The case of Stuart v. Maxwell was decided in 1853, and that of Ross v. Peaslee in 1855. Congress can, therefore, hardly be supposed to have been ignorant of these decisions at the time the Act of 1857 was passed; and I think it cannot be presumed that, with such knowledge, it intended to alter that important provison of the law, without some definite expression of that intention. There are no repealing words in the Act of 1857, and neither from the phraseology nor from the general purpose of that Act, can I see any reason for supposing that it was designed to have, on the 20th section of the Act of 1842, an effect which the Courts had decided the Act of 1846 did not have. It is clear, that the words, "non-enumerated article," in the 20th section of the Act of 1842, the words, "not specially provided for in this Act," in the 3d section of the Act of 1846, and the words. "not enumerated in the said schedule," in the 1st section of the Act of 1857, mean the same thing and should receive the same construction. The distinction attempted to be drawn between them by the defendant's counsel cannot be sustained. This view of the subject is fully sustained by the decision of Judge Giles, in the Maryland District, in a case precisely like this, and in relation to this same article. (Gamble v. Mason, 7 Amer. Law Reg., 78.) The result is, that the 20th section. of the Act of 1842 is not repealed either by the Act of 1846 |