of March, June, September, and December, on the following For a single number, TERMS: For a single copy, one year, if paid after March 15th, year, $3.25 1.00 12.50 For five copies in one order, for the All subcriptions payable in advance. All communications relating to the Journal, should be addressed to HENRY BARNARD, Hartford, Ct. Postage on the Number for June, paid in advance where delivered, 4 cents. ARISTOTLE,.......... I. GREEK VIEWS OF EDUCATION, II. FRENCH VIEWS OF EDUCATION,........ RABELAIS. Education of the Giant Gargantua, and his son Pantagruel,. III. JOHN MILTON AND HIS EDUCATION,.. Home Training and Influence,... 131 131 147 149 159 160 Book and School Education-Private and Public,. Cambridge University-Christ College,.. Foreign Travel................. Dr. Johnson's Strictures on Milton's Academy,...... Milton's defense of himself, and the People of England,........... NORMAL SCHOOLS,...... Examination of Teachers,.... Teachers' Conferences,.... 161 167 170 199 138 IV. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF TEACHERS IN PRUSSIA-Continued,.. 191 191 239 240 VI. HISTORY OF COMMON SCHOOLS IN CONNECTICUT—continued, PERIOD VIII. 1845 to 1849,. VII. THE TEACHER'S MOTIVES,...... A LECTURE. By Horace Mann,... THOUGHTS ON EDUCATION. By John Locke-continued,. II. Intellectual Education,.... IX. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY AND THE SCHOOL,. 241 241 242 244 244 .... 277 277 305 305 305 343 I. ARISTOTLE AND HIS EDUCATIONAL VIEWS. MEMOIR. ARISTOTLE, as a thinker, writer, and an actor, belongs as legitimately to the history of pedagogy as to the annals of philosophy; and teachers should claim him among the most celebrated and brightest names of their profession, to whom king Philip could write on the birth of his son Alexander-"know that a son is born to me, and that I am thankful to the gods, not so much for the birth of a boy, as that he is born in your times. Trained up by you, I am in hopes that he will become worthy of me and of succeeding me upon the throne." He was born B. C., 384, at Stagira, near Chalcidice, the most populous part of northern Greece. His father was Nikomachus, physician and friend of the Macedonian king, Amyntas II. At the death, apparently early, of his parents, he had the good fortune to come under the care of Proxenus, a faithful guardian, and careful for his bringing up. In return, Aristotle erected statues, as marks of gratitude, to him, his wife, and parents; and afterward adopted and educated his son. At the age of seventeen, Aristotle was attracted to Athens, then the center of civilization, chiefly by the fame of Plato. Here he devoted himself for twenty years to the study of philosophy, although he apparently continued his favorite physical and chemical studies. His persevering labor, and the zeal with which he studied the works of past and present philosophers so highly recommended him to Plato that he surnamed him "The Philosopher of Truth," and the soul of his school; and used to call his house the house of the reader, from his indefatigable researches into all possible philosophical writings. He used to say "Xenocrates needs spurs, Aristotle reins." The variance which after a time sprang up between Plato and Aristotle may have originated in radical difference of character. Perhaps Aristotle, as is reported, gave too much attention to his person; or perhaps, according to the ideas of the other philosopher, was too much a man of the world, he was too early in life seeking to pursue his various departments of investigation, and to gather together a treasure of experience. At an early age he wrote four books on proverbs, which were an important contribution to the world's wisdom. By such studies he prepared himself more directly for the education of a prince, but raised up some opposition here and there. He soon gathered a small circle of youths and men around him, to whom he delivered lectures; and perhaps it was this which aroused the jealousy of Plato. After Aristotle had ended his supervision of Alexander's education, and the latter had departed to the conquest of Asia, he returned to Athens, and selected there as his place of abode and instruction the Lyceum, so called from the neighboring temple of Apollo Lyceus, and consisting of a gymnasium surrounded with avenues of trees, where he lectured. His scholars were named Peripatetics from the avenues (spinarói;) or, as the ancients believed, from Aristotle's own habit of teaching while he walked (repare;) it is uncertain which, though the last seems most probable. He lectured twice a day; in the morning upon more profound subjects of nature and dialectics, of which he was preeminently master, and in the afternoon upon exoteric subjects, and those easy of comprehension. To the former, none were admitted without a previous examination of their knowledge and fitness; while to the latter, young men were admitted without any special selection. He seems usually to have employed the erotematic-dialectic method by question and answer; employing such disputations as were according to his views, a good exercise of the mind. Besides these lectures and this practical labor, Aristotle published, during his thirteen years' stay in Athens, most of his writings; in part by the assistance of his great pupil. In the general commotions which followed Alexander's death, and particularly at Athens, against the friends of the Macedonians, he fled from Athens to Chalcis, B. C., 322, and there continued his teaching until his death in the same year. His place at the Lyceum was filled by his pupil, the head of the Peripatetic school, the Lesbian Theophrastus; whom he had likened to the lively Lesbian wine. We proceed to give some account of Aristotle's EDUCATIONAL VIEWS. The highest object of the art of education is, to train men. MAN. Man, although, besides, the most highly endowed of all beings, is distinguished from beasts, with whom he shares animal life, and from plants, with whom and beasts he shares a vegetating life, not |