France is composed. Regarded in a philosophical and phrenological point of view, they could not fail to prove interesting to persons who occupy themselves with science, and to present results of incalculable value for those who are at the head of the government.

"I cannot avoid citing on this occasion some remarks of one of our most distinguished men, Baron Charles Dupin, because they relate directly to the subject in hand. Of all the provinces of France, those of the north are most remarkable, on account of their superior industry and intelligence. Almost all manufactured articles come from the north. The number of primary schools is more considerable in the north than in the south. Of 1933 pupils admitted into the Polytechnic school during thirteen consecutive years, 1233 were furnished by the departments of the north, while the departments of the south have given only 700. Of 65 members of the Academy of Sciences, 48 come from the departments of the north, and 17 from the departments of the south. Finally, of 2112 patents for inventions delivered from the 1st of July, 1791, to the 1st of July, 1825, 1699 have been delivered to the departments of the north, and only 413 to those of the south. Such great differences, founded on observations of indisputable authenticity, deserve every attention from phrenologists.

"Let us return to the relations which exist between the predominant organs of the French and the most striking features of their moral and intellectual character. The superior developement of the reflective faculties of the Germans becomes apparent in its results. There is perhaps no country in the world where primary instruction is more widely diffused than in Germany where a taste for reading is more decided;' and in this respect the Germans are greatly superior to the French, among whom instruction has hitherto penetrated only into the great towns. Germany abounds in thinkers and philosophers of the first order; but it is necessary to remark that their reflective faculties, so excellent in themselves, often give to their writings a character of tediousness and obscurity, which is not met with among French authors, whose thoughts, although they often present less depth than those of the Germans, infinitely surpass them in elegance, clearness, and precision.

"The great difference which exists between the developement of Firmness and Cautiousness in these two nations explains that which is observable in the spirit of their actions. The French, under the influence of moderate reflective faculties and a small developement of Cautiousness and Firmness, are light, expansive, unreserved, and easily moved. The Germans, on the other hand, are grave, tenacious, reflective, and circumspect. The want of foresight frequently shows itself in the institutions of the French; the contrary takes place among the Germans. Napoleon, in speaking of the French, said—the nation, in its character and tastes, is provisional and lavish; everything for the moment and caprice-nothing for endurance! such are the motto and manners of France! Every one passes his life in doing and undoing; nothing ever remains. Is it not unbecoming that Paris has not even a French theatre, nothing worthy of her destinies? I have often resisted fêtes which the city of Paris wished to give me. These were dinners, balls, fire-works, which would have cost 4, 6, or 800,000 franks; the preparations for which obstructed the public for several days, and which cost subsequently as much to undo them as they had cost in their construction. I proved, that with these foolish expenses they might have erected durable and magnificent monuments.' (Las Cases, Mémoires de Sainte-Helene.)

"Duclos, in his Considerations on Manners, has represented, with great fidelity, the character of the French. The great defect of the French character,' says he, 'is to be always young; by which circumstance it is often amiable, but rarely steady. It has almost no ripe manhood, but

passes from youth directly to old age. Our talents of every description appear early. We neglect them for a long time by dissipation, and scarcely do we commence to turn them to account before their time is past.'

"The extreme lightness of the French, arising in part from the small developement of Cautiousness, has been signalized by Jean Jacques Rousseau. The French,' says this great writer, have a manner of interesting themselves about you which deceives more than words. The fulsome compliments of the Swiss can impose only on blockheads: the manners of the French are more seductive, because they are more simple. One would believe that they do not tell you all that they would wish to do for you, in order to cause you the more agreeable surprise. I shall say more; they are not false in their demonstrations; they are naturally officious, humane, benevolent, and even, whatever may be said on the subject, more true than any other nation; but they are volatile and light: they really feel the sentiment which they express, but that sentiment goes as it came. In the act of speaking to you they are full of interest about you. When they see you no more-they forget you. Nothing is permanent in their affections: everything with them is the work of the moment.'-(Rousseau, Confessions.)

"The great developement of the sense for what is fine in the arts, combined with the faculties of Form, Imitation, Ideality, and the sense of construction in general, sufficiently conspicuous in the crania of the French, explain why they are the first people in Europe for the finish and exquisite taste of their manufactured articles. There is nothing comparable to the productions of manual labour in France. It is to the same faculties that we must attribute the high superiority of the French as painters and

statuaries.

"Two faculties, the organs of which are largely developed in the French, Love of Approbation and Combativeness, coincide exactly with their character.. The desire of being approved-of putting itself forward, is incontestibly the portion of our nation. If this desire be united to energetic reflecting faculties, it may give rise to great results, because it operates as a spur to the other powers. If not so combined, it produces only abuses. The man who possesses only vanity, seeks by all possible means to give himself the appearance of merit and of knowledge. This accounts for that excessive love of the French for titles, for cordons, and all those baubles which impose on nobody but blockheads and the most superficial of mankind. To the same cause must be ascribed all those plots, those cabals, and those miserable intrigues which, in France, reign in the bosoms of all learned societies. It is the unbridled desire to be spoken about which creates the coteries, and strikes with a mortal blow every kind of honourable emulation. It would be difficult to calculate how many faults the sentiment of vanity has produced in France, and with how many misfortunes it has inundated this fine nation, which would do well, as Napoleon remarked, to exchange its vanity for pride.

"Courage, the other distinctive faculty of the French, is too well known to be insisted on. The French have already afforded every proof of bravery which a nation can exhibit.

"I have said that the sentiment of Veneration, that is to say, the faculty which disposes us to respect men and things, is little developed in the French. It is to this deficiency of developement that the want of religion, nearly general in France, falls to be attributed. To the same cause must be ascribed the destruction and neglect of a multitude of monuments, for which other nations exhibit a kind of worship. In France, and particularly in Paris, a great number of extremely curious edifices exist, known to, and venerated by, foreigners, of which the inhabitants of this capital know nothing. Speaking generally, we may say, that everything that

presents a character of antiquity is displeasing to the French. The low degree of veneration, united to the great developement of the talent of discrimination, or of combination, produces among the French that love of sarcasm and of raillery which attacks all without distinction of rank, merit, or fortune. This spirit generally manifests itself under the form of caricatures, which is easily to be conceived when we attend to the great developement of the organs of Constructiveness and Form in the French.

"The great difference which exists between the French and Germans in the organs of Alimentiveness accounts for the difference between the two nations in sobriety. After the Spaniards, no nation in Europe is more sober than the French, while the Germans are essentially great feeders. Among a pretty considerable number of German, Spanish, and French soldiers, who were in the same hospital at Caen, I have observed that a remarkable difference existed among them in regard to the faculty in question. A light soup, some fruit, or a little meat were sufficient for the Spaniards; the repast of the French consisted of three-fourths of the portion; while the Germans swallowed the whole allowance, and continually complained that they did not receive enough of meat and of potatoes. Every time I happened to pass the wards where the Gremans were placed, I was certain to be assailed by the words flesh, flesh, sir !*

"The organs of Wonder and Imitation, largely developed in the French, contribute to distinguish them from other nations. This combination explains why all that is new strikes them, and also their eagerness to reproduce it. Who can calculate the varieties in the forms of French dress even within a single age. These changes frequently have relation to extraordinary personages or events. From the extreme developement of Imitation in the French, their marked gesticulations arise. Every class has its own, which is peculiar to it, and every one repeats it as one learns a form of politeness. Under the influence of Imitation, Love of Approbation, and the sense of the beautiful, the French are to some extent mannerists; but with taste and ease, and without awkwardness. Although the English attempt to ridicule our nation on this account, I am satisfied that they try to imitate us, although not very successfully. Although the reflecting organs are in general only moderately developed in the French, this is not a sufficient reason for believing that only a small number of individuals of the highest order of intellect appear among them. No nation in Europe has furnished so many men distinguished in the arts, sciences, and philosophy as France; and if we reflect that instruction is little diffused in this country, we may believe that the number of superior men would otherwise have been still more considerable." P. 487.

During my stay in London, I went almost every Sunday to the churches. The result of my remarks may be shortly stated. Considered generally, the size of the heads of the inhabitants of London do not differ much from that of the Parisian heads :† in particular points the differences are very striking. In equal numbers, the reflective faculties are more developed in London than in Paris; and the same rule holds in regard to Cautiousness, Firmness, and Self-Esteem. The organ of Alimentiveness is larger in the English, and to this cause is to be ascribed their love of spirituous liquors. Drunkenness is the predominant vice of the English.' Dr. Vimont quotes from Bulwer's "England and the English" the number of persons entering gin-shops within certain periods of time, and adds, "the Scotch, and particularly the Irish, appear to be greatly addicted to spirituous liquors. I have never spoken to an Irishman who has not *The organ in question was little developed in the heads of five Spanish prisoners who died in France.

According to my observation the London heads are larger.-G. C.

assured me that idleness, and particularly drunkenness, were the dominant vices of the mass of the Irish population."* P. 489.

"The organs of Number are larger, while the organs of Constructiveness, Form, and of beauty in the arts are smaller in the English than in the French." P. 490.

The Phrenological Journal, vol. viii., pp. 289 and 424, contains a valuable Essay, by Mr. Robert Cox, on the character of the Esquimaux, illustrated by figures of their skulls. In that work a variety of additional illustrations of the relation between national character and natural developement of brain will be found.

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF INCLUDING DEVELOPEMENT OF BRAIN AS AN ELEMENT IN STATISTICAL INQUIRIES INTO THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE ANIMAL, MORAL, AND INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES OF MAN.

THE European public has recently taken a great and commendable interest in moral statistics; and in France several valuable works have been published on the subject. I have perused, with much interest, the "Essai sur la Statistique Morale de la France, par Mons. A. M. Guerry,"t and Mons. Quetelet's work "Sur L'Homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de Physique Sociale." The object of all works on moral statistics should be to bring to light the causes of human happiness and misery, with a view to enable mankind to increase the foriner and diminish the latter. Tables showing the average weight and strength of the body at different ages; the average weight of children of different ages employed in manufactures compared with that of children not so employed; the average strength of men and women at different ages; the number of beats of the heart and of inspirations of the lungs in a minute; and other similar facts, all founded on observations made on numerous individuals, and reduced to average results, are interesting and useful, because the facts brought to light may direct the efforts of society in devising circumstances calculated to promote the increase of valuable qualities, and to abate that of tendencies which are injurious. But great difficulties present themselves when an estimate is attempted to be made, in a similar way, of the moral and intellectual qualities of man, founded on mental manifestations alone, without reference to the cerebral developement of the individuals observed. Mons. Quetelet, for example, in pursuing his inquiries into the developement of the moral and intellectual qualities of man, presents tables of the number of plays of the first rank produced by authors of different ages in France and in England; tables of the numbers of insane in relation to the population in several countries of Europe; tables of the numbers of suicides; of men who have fallen in duels; and of criminals. He exhibits also in his tables the influence of Education, of Professions, of Seasons, of Climates, and of Sex on the tendency to crime; but a few remarks will suffice to show the insufficiency of this information to lead to practical results, when the laws of organization in relation to the brain are not taken into account.

* Idleness is the misfortune, not the fault, of the mass of the Irish people. The country is occupied by a dense population belonging to the lower ranks, reared on small patches of land, and it is nearly destitute of capital, of manufactures, and of middle and higher classes; the consequence of which is, that the great body of the Irish people cannot get work, although anxious to obtain it. They are idle of necessity, therefore, and not from inclination. When they come to England or Scotland, and obtain employment, they are extremely active and industrious labourers.-G. C. Paris, 1835.

+ Paris, 1832.

The following table, for example, represents the number of insane in relation to the whole population in several countries in Europe:

66

In Norway," continues M. Quetelet, "the idiots constitute one-third of the total number of the insane, and one-half in Scotland and Wales. It is the great number of idiots which renders the number of insane in Scotland so large compared with the number in England. It is generally observed that in the mountains there are more idiots than in the plains; and in plains devoted to agriculture there are more idiots than in cities. In France and New York the number of idiots is inconsiderable."

The superabundance of idiots in Norway and Scotland may be supposed to be owing to a variety of causes: 1st, To the coldness and dampness of the climate. The remedy for this would be draining and improving the soil, building warmer houses, and providing better clothing for the people. Or, 2dly, To the imperfect nourishment of the people. To remove this cause, we should prescribe the introduction of capital and industry. Or, 3dly, To the intermarriages of near relations for successive generations, arising from a thin population scattered over a great extent of territory. To remedy this evil, instruction of the people in the functions and laws of health of the brain would be necessary, with the inculcation of the duty of their extending the sphere of their alliances. Railroads and steam-boats, by extending the circle of social intercourse, may tend to remove this cause.

That this last, is probably one great cause of the evil may be inferred from the following facts: Mr. Brown, factor to the Duke of Hamilton, who had charge, for a number of years, of several of the smaller islands lying on the west coast of Scotland, told me that he found, by a census, that the number of idiots, in proportion to the total population, was greater in the islands than in the main land, which he attributed to intermarriages of near relations, resulting from their insular situation. Secondly, Among the royal, noble, and aristocratical families of Europe, who frequently inarry near blood-relations, idiots are generally said to be more numerous in proportion to their total numbers than among persons in the humbler ranks of life. Thirdly, The inhabitants of cities have a wider range of choice, and in general are less given to marrying with blood-relations than the inhabitants of the country; and the fact, that fewer idiots are produced among them, supports the principle here contended for. It is not enough, therefore, for practical purposes, to know the proportion of idiots to the general population. We must discover the causes of idiocy before they can be abated; and as the brain is the organ of the mind, every one of them will be found to affect directly or indirectly its size or its condition. These statistical tables, therefore, should embrace facts relative to .the size and condition of the brain in the insane, and exhibit statements of all causes, physical and moral, which are known to act injuriously on its developement and activity.

In making these remarks, I am far from undervaluing the importance of the facts brought to light in the foregoing table, even regarding them merely as facts apart from any opinions regarding their causes. To know the existence and magnitude of any evil is the first step toward the inves