lateral regions, or temples, were broad and prominent. In such a case no phrenologist would hesitate to give the same advice.

In the prison at Bern Drs. Gall and Spurzheim saw a rickety and badly-organized boy of twelve years of age, who could not refrain from stealing; and who, with his pockets filled with his own bread, purloined that of others. At Haina the officers spoke to them about an incorrigible robber, named Fesselmayer, whom no punishment could amend. He stole in prison to such an extent, that a mark was put upon his arm, that all might be upon their guard against him. Before seeing him, Drs. Gall and Spurzheim stated what his developement ought to be, and their prediction was verified at the first glance. He had the appearance of being sixteen, although he was in reality twenty-six years of age. His head was round, and about the size of that of an infant of one year. He was, moreover, deaf and dumb.

Mr. Schiotz, a Danish magistrate, reports the case of an incorrigible thief, in whom he found the organ of Acquisitiveness very large.*

Numerous examples of the diseased activity of this propensity occur in all lunatic asylums, and afford strong proof of the independent existence of the faculty and organ. Pinel tells us, that it is a matter of common observation, that men who, in their lucid intervals, are justly considered as models of probity, cannot refrain from stealing and cheating during the paroxysm: and Dr. Gall gives four cases of women, who, in their ordinary state, had no such tendency, but when pregnant manifested it in a high degree.

Two citizens of Vienna attracted his notice, both of whom had led irreproachable lives previously to becoming insane. After that time both were distinguished for an extraordinary inclination to steal. They wandered over the hospital from morning to night, picking up whatever they could lay their hands upon-straw, rags, clothes, wood, &c.—which they carefully concealed in the apartment which they inhabited in common; and, although lodged in the same chamber, they stole from each other. In both the organ was very much developed. I have seen several patients in asylums for the insane, in whom the propensity to steal was a predominant trait, and the organ was largely developed in them all. M. Esquirol, physician to the Salpétrière of Paris, gave Dr. Gall an account of a knight at Malta, who had quitted the army at the beginning of the French revolution, and who, from excessive indulgence and disappointed love, had become weak in intellect, violent in temper, and at last a thief. On his way to M. Esquirol's asylum he contrived to steal spoons, covers, &c., from the inns at which he dined. He then went about accompanied by a servant, and not unfrequently refreshed himself in coffee-houses, and, instead of paying, put the cup, saucer, and spoon into his pocket, and walked away. In other respects he was sufficiently reasonable. This inclination to theft was cured, although his intellect remained weak.

Acrel mentions a young man who was trepanned, in consequence of a severe wound on the temple, in the region of the organ of Acquisitiveness. After his dismissal from the hospital, he manifested an irresistible propensity to steal: after committing several larcenies, he was imprisoned, and would have been condemned, had not Acrel declared him insane.

"There are persons," says that accurate and philosophical observer and physician, Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia,† "who are moral to the highest degree as to certain duties, but who, nevertheless, live under the influence of some one vice. In one instance a woman was exemplary in her obedience to every command of the moral law except one-she could not refrain from stealing. What made this vice more remarkable was, that she was in easy circumstances, and not addicted to extravagance in any* Phren. Journ., viii., 64. + Rush's Medical Inquiries.

thing. Such was the propensity to this vice, that, when she could lay her hands upon nothing more valuable, she would often, at the table of a friend, fill her pockets secretly with bread. She both confessed and lamented her crime." A case of the same kind is recorded in The Phrenological Journal ;* and Montaigne refers to similar instances which had fallen under his own observation.†

The Journal de Paris of 29th March, 1816, states, that "an ex-commissary of police, Beau-Conseil, has just been condemned to eight years' confinement and hard labour, and to the pillory, for having, when still in office, stolen some pieces of plate from an inn. The accused persisted to the last in an odd enough species of defence. He did not deny the crime, but he attributed it to mental alienation, occasioned by wounds which he had received at Marseilles in 1815." Dr. Gall observes, that if the previous conduct of Beau-Conseil was irreproachable, and if he really did receive a wound in the head, either his counsel was inexcusable in not making the defence available, or the court was blameable for not listening to it.

This propensity is found also in the lower animals. Lord Kames observes, that "the beavers perceive the timber they store up to be their property; and the bees seem to have the same perception with regard to their winter provision of honey." Dr. Gall mentions a variety of the lower animals which manifest the sense of property. The same pair of storks, swallows, nightingales, and red-breasts return, in spring or in autumn, to the same country in which they had passed the season in the preceding year, and establish themselves, the storks on the same steeples, the swallows under the same roofs, and the nightingales in the same bushes. If another pair of birds attempt to seize the place already appropriated, war is immediately waged against them, and the intruders are forced to depart. Cows, returning from the pasturage, occupy each its own stall in the byre, and defend it. The cat and dog, in hiding food, to be used when hunger returns-and the squirrel, hamster, and jackdaw, which collect provisions for the winter-undoubtedly have the notion of property in the stores they accumulate. These animals, however, do not enact laws; and the sense of property is in them clearly an instinct of nature. In the human race, says Dr. Gall, the process is the same: Nature inspires the mind with the notion of property, and laws. are made to protect it. The organ of Acquisitiveness is established.

9. CONSTRUCTIVENESS

THIS organ is situated at that part of the frontal bone immediately above the spheno-temporal suture. Its appearance and situation vary slightly, according to the developement of the neighbouring parts. If the zygomatic process is very projecting, or if the middle lobes of the brain, or the forehead in general, or the organs of Language and Order in particular, are greatly developed, its size is less easily distinguished. The leading object ought to be to determine the actual size of each organ, and not its mere prominence; and, on this account, it is proper farther to notice, that, if the base of the brain is narrow, this organ holds a situation a little higher than usual, and there will then frequently be found a slight depression at the external angle of the eye, between the zygomatic process and the organ. in question, especially when the muscles are thin. In such cases it has sometimes appeared as high up as Tune generally occurs. This slight variation from uniformity of situation occurs in the distribution of all the parts of the body but the anatomist is not, on this account, embarrassed in his * Vol. ix., p. 459. + Essays, B. ii., ch. 8. This, however, may arise from the love of place.

operations; for the aberration never exceeds certain limits, and he acquires, by experience, the tact of recognising the part by its general appearance. It has been objected, that the elevation or depression of this part of the brain depends on the force with which the temporal muscles, which lie over it, have acted in the individual: carnivorous animals, it is said, which masticate bones, possess those muscles in a very powerful degree, and in consequence have narrow heads, and little brain in the region of this organ. The answer to this is fourfold First, carnivorous animals do not build, and the organ in question is wanting in them. The absence of the organ, the narrowness of their head, and their want of constructive power are facts in exact accordance with Phrenology. Secondly, the beaver cuts timber with its teeth, and its temporal muscles act with great energy; yet the organ is large, the head is broad, and the animal is highly constructive -all which circumstances harmonize with our doctrine, and contradict that of the objectors. Thirdly, in the human race the size of the head, at the region in question, does not bear a proportion to the force with which mastication is performed; for some individuals, who live chiefly on slops, and chew little, have narrow heads and weak constructive talents, while others, who eat hard viands, have broad heads, and manifest great mechanical skill. And, fourthly, the actual size of the head in this quarter, from whatever cause it arises, bears a regular proportion to the actual endowment of constructive ability.

The

The temporal muscles differ in thickness in different persons, and the phrenologist ought to desire the individual observed to move the lower jaw, and, while he does so, to feel the muscle, and allow for its size. uncertainty in regard to the dimensions of the temporal muscle, renders it unsafe to predicate the size of the organs of Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness from casts of the head, unless information as to the thickness of the fleshy fibres be communicated. This organ, therefore, is best established by examining living heads, or skulls, or casts of skulls.

When Dr. Gall first turned his attention to the talent for construction, manifested by some individuals, he had not discovered the fact that every primitive faculty is connected with a particular part of the brain as its organ; and, on this account, he directed his observations to the whole heads of great mechanicians. He was frequently struck with the circumstance, that the heads of such artists were as broad in the temporal region as at the cheek-bones. This, however, although occurring frequently, was not a uniform characteristic; and hence he was led by degrees to believe, that the talent depended on a particular power. In order to find out an indication of it in the head, he sought acquaintance with men of distinguished mechanical genius wherever he found them, studied the forms of their heads, and moulded them. He soon met with some in whom the diameter from temple to temple was greater than that from the one zygomatic bone to the other; and at last found two celebrated mechanicians, in whom there appeared two swellings, round and distinct, at the temples. These heads convinced him that it is not the circumstance of equality in the zygomatic and temporal diameters which indicates a genius for mechanical construction, but a round protuberance in the temporal region, situated in some individuals a little behind, in others a little behind and above, the eye. This developement is always found in concomitance with great constructive talent, and when the zygomatic diameter is equal to it, then there is a parallelism of the face; but, as the zygomatic bone is not connected with the organ, and projects more or less in different individuals, this form of countenance is not invariably the concomitant of constructive talent, and ought not be taken as the measure of the developement of the organ.

Having thus obtained some idea of the seat and external appearance

of the organ, Dr. Gall assiduously multiplied observations At Vienna some gentlemen of distinction brought to him a person, concerning whose talents they solicited his opinion. He stated that he ought to have a great tendency toward mechanics. The gentlemen imagined that he was mistaken, but the subject of the experiment was greatly struck with this observation: he was the famous painter Unterbergen. To show that Dr. Gall had judged with perfect accuracy, he declared that he had always bad a passion for the mechanical arts, and that he painted only for a liveli hood. He carried the party to his house, where he showed them multitude of machines and instruments, some of which he had invented, and others improved. Besides, Dr. Gall remarks that the talent for design, so essential to a painter, is connected with the organ of Constructiveness, so that the art which he practised publicly was a manifestation of the faculty.* Several of Dr. Gall's auditors spoke to him of a man who was gifted with an extraordinary talent for mechanics; Gall described to them beforehand what form of head he ought to have, and they went to visit him: it was the ingenious mathematical instrument-maker, Lindner, at Vienna; and his temples rose out in two little rounded irregular prominences. Dr. Gall had previously found the same form of head in the celebrated mechanician and astronomer, David, Augustine friar, and in the famous Voigtlænder, mathematical instrument-maker. At Paris, Prince Schwartzenberg, then Minister of Austria, wished to put Drs. Gall and Spurzheim to the test. When they rose from table, he conducted Dr. Gall into an adjoining apartment, and showed him a young man without speaking a word, he and the Prince rejoined the company, and he request Dr. Spurzheim to go and examine the young man's head. During his absence, Dr. Gall told the company what he thought of the youth. Dr. Spurzheim immediately returned, and said that he believed him to be a great mechanician, or an eminent artist in some constructive branch. The prince, in fact, had brought him to Paris on account of his great mechanical talents, and supplied him with the means of following out his studies.

Dr. Gall adds, that, at Vienna, and in the whole course of his travels, he had found this organ developed in mechanicians, architects, designers, and sculptors in proportion to their talent.

He mentions, that, at Mulhausen, the manufacturers do not receive into their employment any children except those who, from an early age, have displayed a talent for the arts, in drawing or clipping figures; because they know, from experience, that such children alone become expert and intelligent workmen.

* Dr. Scheel, of Copenhagen, had attended a course of Dr. Gall's lectures at Vienna, from which city he went to Rome. One day he entered abruptly, when Dr. Gall was surrounded by his pupils, and, presenting to him the cast of a skull, asked his opinion of it. Dr. Gall instantly said, that he "had never seen the organ of Constructiveness so largely developed as in the head in question." Scheel continued his interrogatories. Dr. Gall then pointed out also a large developement of the organs of Amativeness and Imitation. "How do you find the organ of Colouring?"-" I had not previously adverted to it," said Gall, "for it is only moderately developed." Scheel replied, with much. satisfaction, "that it was a cast of the skull of Raphael." The skull from which the cast was taken was preserved in the Academy of St. Luke, at Rome, and was universally mentioned as being that of Raphael; so that Dr. Scheel acted in perfect good faith on this occasion. It has been since discovered that the skull was not that of Raphael. Dr. Gall merely stated the developement which he observed in it; and it remains as striking an example of that deve lopement as ever. As, however, the mental qualities of the individual are unknown, it affords no evidence for or against Phrenology, and I therefore omit farther mention of it in this edition. It is now said to have been the skull of Adjutorio, a celebrated amateur in the fine arts, who founded St. Luke's Academy. See Phrenological Journal, vol. ix., p. 92.

Dr. Spurzheim mentions the case of a milliner of Vienna, who was remarkable for constructive talent in her art, and in whom the organ is large. A cast of her skull is in the Phrenological Society's collection, and it presents two small round eminences at the situation of the organ. ANCIENT GREEK. NEW HOLLANDER.

These figures represent the skulls of an ancient Greek and a New Hollander. In the New Hollanders the skull at Constructiveness falls greatly within the line of the cheek-bones; while in the Greek the skull swells out at that organ. "The natives of New Holland," says Sir Walter Scott, 66 are, even at present, in the very lowest scale of humanity, and ignorant of every art which can add comfort or decency to human life. These unfortunate savages use no clothes, construct no cabins nor huts, and are ignorant even of the manner of chasing animals or catching fish, unless such of the latter as are left by the tide, or which are found on the rocks."

When Dr. Spurzheim was in Edinburgh in 1817, he visited the workshop of Mr. James Milne, brass-founder, (a gentleman who himself displays no small ingenuity in his trade, and in whom Constructiveness is largely developed,) and examined the head's of his apprentices. The following is Mr. Milne's account of what took place upon the occasion:

"On the first boy presented to Dr. Spurzheim, on his entering the shop, he observed, that he would excel in anything he was put to. In this he was perfectly correct, as he was one of the cleverest boys I ever had. On proceeding farther, Dr. Spurzheim remarked of another boy, that he would make a good workman. In this instance also his observation was well-founded." An elder brother of his was working next him, who, he said, would also turn out a good workman, but not equal to the other. I mentioned that, in point of fact, the former was the better, although both were good. In the course of farther observations, Dr. Spurzheim remarked of others, that they ought to be ordinary tradesmen, and they were so. At last he pointed out one, who, he said, ought to be of a different cast, and of whom I would never be able to make anything as a workman, and this turned out to be too correct; for the boy served an apprenticeship of seven years, and, when done, he was not able to do one-third of the work performed by other individuals, to whose instruction no greater attention had been paid. So much was I struck with Dr. Spurzheim's observations, and so correct have I found the indications presented by the organization to be, that, when workmen, or boys to serve as apprentices, apply to me, I at once give the preference to those possessing a large Constructiveness; and if the deficiency is very great, I would be disposed to decline receiving them, being convinced of their inability to succeed."

The organ of this faculty is very largely developed in Mr. Brunel, the celebrated engineer of the Thames Tunnel, and the inventor of machinery for making blocks for the rigging of ships, by means of steam; and who has, besides, shown a great talent for mechanics in numerous departments