teachers; (11) brought about better working conditions for teachers; (12) provided rest rooms for teachers; (13) organized parent-teacher associations; (14) equipped playgrounds.

General practice has shown that the best place for a teachers' council to originate is with the teachers themselves. Rarely does a council otherwise instituted serve its mission.

WOMEN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

A DEPUTATION of past and present students of the women's colleges at the University of Cambridge and of representatives of women's societies recently called upon Mr. Fisher, minister of education, at the House of Commons and urged the claim of women to full membership at Cambridge. The meeting was private, but the report of the London Times is that Mr. Fisher made a sympathetic reply.

The deputation was introduced by Mr. W. Graham, who was a member of the Royal Commission on Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Mr. Graham said the deputation desired that the legislation necessary to give effect to the recommendations of the Royal Commission should provide that any additional parliamentary grant to Cambridge, or even the continuation of the present grant, should be accompanied by a direction that membership of the university should be accorded to women on the same terms as men. It was not suggested that the grant should be withheld until this reform was introduced but that the reform should be one of the conditions of the continuance of the grant.

Miss Jex Blake, mistress of Girton, and Miss Clough, principal of Newnham, spoke of the educational disadvantage under which women students at Cambridge worked.

Mr. Fisher, in his reply, said the government hoped to be able to introduce legislation in the present session, but there was great uncertainty in the parliamentary position, and in view of the congestion of parliamentary business he could not give a firm promise that a bill would be carried. The royal commission's recommendation that the grants to Oxford and to Cambridge should be raised to £100,000 was still under the consideration of the government. It would be very difficult for par

liament to pass a measure providing for increased grants to a university which was not open to full membership by women. They had, however, to keep in view the difficulty of interfering with the autonomy of a university. The royal commission recommended the appointment of statutory commissioners, to whom presumably there might be a direction that this reform was to be introduced and carried without delay. Mr. Fisher also alluded to the recommendation of the majority of the commission that the number of women students at Cambridge should be limited to five hundred. This proposal was of the nature of a compromise, and there were possibilities in it that might help to solve the larger question of specific parliamentary direction in favor of the admission of women to full membership.

THE SECOND AMERICAN CONGRESS OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND COM

MERCIAL INSTRUCTION

THE United States government has been invited by the government of Brazil to participate in the Second American Congress of Economic Expansion and Commercial Instruction, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, October 12 to 20, 1922. The official delegation of the United States may not exceed five members, and the delegation will be entitled to one vote in the deliberations of the congress.

The Second Congress was provided for by resolution of the First Congress, which was held in Montevideo in 1919. The plans for the First Congress were laid at the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress, which was held in Washington, D. C., December, 1915January, 1916.

Institutions in the United States offering instruction in commercial subjects, and other institutions whose aims are related to the objectives of the congress, may participate in the congress by making appropriate contributions to its official program.

EDUCATIONAL NOTES AND NEWS

ETHEL MCGREGOR, of Minneapolis, was elected president of the Department of Classroom Teachers of the National Education Association at Boston on July 6, defeating Ethel

M. Gardner, of Milwaukee, by a vote of 112 to 62. Miss Gardner declined nomination for another office. Ida Iverson, of Los Angeles, was elected vice-president and Flora Menzel, of Milwaukee, secretary.

HENRY CRAIG JONES has been appointed to the deanship of the Law School of the University of Iowa, taking the place of acting dean Herbert F. Goodrich, resigned. Dr. Jones has for the last year been dean of the law school of the University of Illinois and formerly headed the law school of the University of West Virginia. He assumes his new duties in September.

DR. EDMUND DANDRIDGE MURDAUGH, professor of psychology at Central Teachers' College, Edmond, Oklahoma, has been elected president emeritus of that institution. He has also been granted a year's leave of absence on full pay, during which time he contemplates doing some research work at Johns Hopkins and Columbia. Dr. Murdaugh has been identified with the school work of Oklahoma for more than twenty-five years, serving at different times as president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, Central Teachers' College, and Southeastern Teachers' College.

PROFESSOR FLETCHER HARPER SWIFT, of the College of Education, University of Minnesota, has accepted the invitation to act as director of a study of public school finance in Minnesota, to be made under the auspices of the Minnesota Education Association. The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for legislation to be recommended to the next legislature. Cooperating with Professor Swift in this study will be Mrs. Francis Kelley del Plaine, author of a History of Public School Support in Minnesota; C. E. Campton, superintendent of schools, Two Harbors, Minnesota, and member of the legislative committee of the League of Minnesota Municipalities; Professor W. P. Dyer, assistant professor of agricultural education, and formerly superintendent of schools at Bemidji, Minn.

JAMES R. GARFIELD, secretary of the interior under Theodore Roosevelt, and son of the twentieth president of the United States, has accepted the national chairmanship of a campaign to

raise one million dollars for Lake Erie College, in Painesville, Ohio. Mr. Garfield, who is now a practicing attorney in Cleveland, has been president of the board of trustees of Lake Erie College for a number of years.

DR. FRANK MACDANIEL, for ten years head master of the Pennington School for Boys, New Jersey, has been elected president of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, succeeding President Earl D. Shepard, resigned.

MISS CHARL O. WILLIAMS and Dr. William B. Owen, retiring president and newly elected president respectively of the National Education Association, were speakers at a luncheon given by the World Peace Foundation to officials of the National Education Association and other educators visiting Boston on July 7. Nearly a hundred guests were present. President A. Lawrence Lowell, of Harvard University, chairman of the executive committee of the World Peace Foundation, presided, and in addition to the addresses by the retiring and incoming presidents of the association, there were remarks by President Kenyon L. Butterfield, of the Massachusetts Agricultural Co President W. G. Cove, of the National Union of Teachers of England and Wales, Thomas E. Finegan, state superintendent of public instruction of Pennsylvania; Professor J. M. Galvez, of the University of Chile, State Superintendent Augustus O. Thomas, of Maine, Miss Mary McSkimmon, president of the Massachusetts Teachers' Federation, and Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, secretary of the American School Citizenship League.

PROFESSOR CLARK B. WHITTIER, of Stanford University, has given $500 to be used as a loan fund in the law school of the University of Chicago, where he formerly taught.

PROFESSOR H. H. STRAUSS, head of the department of ancient languages in the University of Arkansas, is in Rome on leave of absence to do research work in the University of Rome and the American Classical School.

JOHN M. PARIS, district superintendent of the second district of Fulton County, N. Y., has been designated as acting superintendent of the first district also, pending the selection of a successor to Fred A. Stryker, resigned.

PRESIDENT WILLIAM LOWE BRYAN, of Indiana University, was given the honorary degree of doctor of laws by the University of Pittsburgh in June.

HENRY D. HERVEY, superintendent of schools of Auburn, N. Y., since 1910, has been elected superintendent of schools of Little Falls, succeeding E. D. Henry, who has resigned after serving 20 years in the Little Falls public schools.

Two new members of the faculty of Ohio University next year will be Dr. H. G. Good, of Colgate University, who has been appointed professor of education, and Dr. James P. Porter, dean of Clark College, who has been appointed professor of psychology.

AT the recent annual meeting of the board of trustees of the University of Chicago three new trustees were elected: D. C. Shull, of Sioux City, Iowa, William Scott Bond, of Chicago, and Albert W. Sherer, of Chicago.

JAMES M. ESTEE, superintendent of schools of Gloversville, N. Y., is retiring after 25 years of service in the one community.

MISS MARY A. Dowd, who for 31 years was a teacher in the public schools of Onondaga County, N. Y., is enrolled as a student in Syracuse University. Thirty of her former pupils are also now students of the same university, and one of her pupils is a member of the Syracuse faculty.

DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, president of Columbia University, has accepted an invitation from the Anglo-American Society to deliver during the summer of 1923 the lectures upon American history, literature and institutions provided for by the Foundation of Sir George Watson. This foundation is the expression of a desire on the part of English universities for more adequate instruction in American history. Sir George Watson in 1919 offered to found and endow a chair of American history, literature and institutions, giving £20,000.

DR. HOMER B. VANDERBLUE, professor of transportation at Northwestern University, has been appointed professor of business economics at Harvard University.

LEONARD T. TROLAND, who has been an instructor in psychology at Harvard for six years, has been promoted to be assistant professor of psychology.

THE faculty of the Havana branch of Boston University College of Business Administration has been transferred to Boston for the coming year, it is announced by Dean Everett W. Wood. A new department of foreign trade will begin work at the college next September and Professor Leo D. O'Neil, director of the branch in Havana, will act as the head of this department.

SPECIAL CORRESPONDENCE THE MORRIS SERVICE LEAGUE-A TRAINING SCHOOL IN CITIZENSHIP

IN a recent article, Dean Russell of Teachers' College, Columbia University, writes as follows: "A survey of American education does not disclose much evidence of a controlling desire to promote patriotic service. Indeed, if one were to confine one's attention to the work of the schools, particularly of the public schools, where, if anywhere, one might expect to find the most direct efforts toward teaching the duties of citizenship, surprise and disappointment would follow. Teachers there are, in great numbers, who see the future man or woman in their pupils, and who labor unceasingly to fortify them against their day of need; but the test that passes pupils from grade to grade does not take into account growth in character and moral strength. The work of teachers is judged primarily by what their pupils know. The virtues and vices of our future citizens are a sealed book which our educational authorities do not open to inspection. The state seems to have overlooked the fact that intellectual power is as great an asset to the crook as to the honest man. Public safety, therefore, calls for more than the public schools are officially encouraged to give."

All too true, alas, is Dr. Russell's indictment of a very large portion of the schools of our country. The theory and the duties of citizenship are taught, it is true, in most high school curricula, but in few of our educational institutions is real practice in these fundamental principles afforded.

The Morris High School, situated in Bronx Borough, is one of the twenty-eight high schools of New York City. At present its enrollment is over five thousand; hence, it is one of the largest high schools for boys and girls in the world. This school is housed in a fine modern building of Gothic architecture, which can, however, comfortably accommodate about twentytwo hundred pupils. Early in its history, the growth of the school necessitated the installment of annexes in neighboring elementary school buildings, and from these various nuclei have grown three independent high schoolsEvander Childs and Theodore Roosevelt in the Bronx, and the George Washington High School in Manhattan. Because of the influx of students all these schools are now organized on the double session plan, and have annexes as well. Administrative problems in over-sized schools like these are exceedingly difficult and pressing, and did we not have the loyal help of most of the student body, these problems would be well-nigh insoluble.

The Bronx is very largely populated by the foreign born. Repeated investigations have shown that about eighty-five per cent. of the students in The Morris High School have both parents born either in Russia or in Austria, and that almost all of this eighty-five per cent. belongs to the Jewish race. In a community like this there is a crying need, not only for teaching the principles underlying the American form of government, but more important still is the need of making these principles clear and compelling in actual practice. The Morris Service League, in the eight years of its existence, has demonstrated to a surprising degree that such an end can be attained.

It began in this way. About fifteen years ago our school invested in a second-hand printing press, type, and other necessary equipment, and a half dozen boy volunteers were taught to set type and to run the press. The investment proved so useful that the city supplied us with a much larger press run by an electric motor, with a paper cutter, and with a valuable lot of type and other printing material. Year after year the older boys on the printing squad taught their successors, elected their own managers and assistant managers, and rendered invaluable as

sistance to the school in printing programs, blanks, and other needed supplies.

After five years of such wholehearted service from our boys, we began to ask ourselves why there should not be some public recognition of faithfulness of this sort. The students high in scholarship in our school have their names inscribed in letters of gold on the honor roll boards on the corridor walls. The successful athletes receive their trophies of victory on the assembly platform. Why, we asked ourselves, should there not be some formal tribute paid to quiet and effective service rendered in the printing office, in the school library, stockrooms, corridors, and lunch rooms?

And so the principal appointed a committee of five of us to consider the matter. A plan was drawn up and submitted successively to the heads of departments, to the teachers, and finally to the student body. It was adopted enthusiastically by all. Thus eight years ago (in May, 1914) began the Morris Service League.

To quote from the constitution1 of the league "The object of this organization shall be to promote honorable conduct and the spirit of service throughout the school. The requirement of membership shall be that a proposed member (a) shall be regularly enrolled in the third or fourth year of the Morris High School; (b) shall have rendered valuable service to the school; (c) shall have a satisfactory record in scholarship and conduct. Nominations to the League may be made by any student with the approval of a teacher, or by any teacher." As a matter of fact, in recent years, all nominations have been made by the students.

Each half year about two hundred nomination blanks are handed in. A voting list is then prepared which is given to each teacher and to each active member of the Service League. Each one who receives the list is asked to record approval or disapproval with reasons, if possible, opposite the names of candidates. When the ballots are returned, the teachers'

1 A copy of the constitution and of the nomination blanks will be sent to any one wishing them on receipt of self-addressed envelope.

The

votes are tabulated by the teachers' committee and the votes of the students by the student's executive council. Whenever there is a disagreement between the final votes of the two committees, the eleven teachers and the ten students confer and prepare a tentative final list which is submitted to the faculty. results obtained have fully justified the adoption of this democratic plan, in which the student officers have shown the greatest possible spirit of cooperation. The same method is adopted in preparing the list of those selected as approved for distinguished service.

When the final lists have been agreed upon, the upper classes gather for the Service League assembly. An inspiring speaker is secured, and the newly elected members of the league are called to the platform to receive the bronze pin bearing the coat of arms of the Gouverneur Morris family for whom the school is named, and the inscription "Morris Service League" in the school colors, maroon and white. Those selected for distinguished service exchange their bronze for silver pins of similar design.

It is interesting to note that practically all the senior class officers, the leaders in athletics, in music, in debating, and in other school activities are already members of the Service League at the time of their election to such office or activity. That the league is making good seems to be proved by the eagerness of the students to become members, and by the consensus of opinion among the teachers. At present (May, 1922) we have 283 active members, 1,063 honorary members among the alumni, and 27 special honorary members among the faculty, the superintendents, and the members of the board of education—a total of 1,373.

Those who have watched the growth of the league believe that our organization has some rather unique features. In the first place, unlike many honorary organizations, Service League membership in the two upper classes is unlimited, provided those who are nominated can meet the requirements. It is a

source of satisfaction to find that the number of new members admitted this term (158) is larger than ever before, and that more silver pins (38) have been awarded.

Moreover the desire to get in training for Service League membership has become so evident among the first year students that some time ago we organized the Morris Volunteers, who work under the leadership of the Service League captains. This spirit of service is fostered particularly in the Big Brother and Sister movement, whereby to each first year class is assigned a league member, who helps the students who are doing unsatisfactory work in school subjects, and who shows a true spirit of comradeship with the younger pupils. Frequently these Big Brothers and Sisters remain until 5:30, and do remarkably good work in teaching the large afternoon classes when substitutes cannot be secured. The assistance of these league members was invaluable in reorganizing our school in February.

In the third place, visitors from other schools tell us that the league plan of uniting all service activities of students in a single organization prevents jealousies and makes for greater efficiency. Service League members are practically in full charge of the school infirmary and of the basements throughout the day, even in the crowded lunch periods, and they render invaluable assistance in the school offices, on the program and promotion committees, in regulating traffic, in printing and mimeographing, in the book and supply rooms, and in ushering at public functions. Since the members have been nominated and voted for by their schoolmates, the student body in general thoroughly respects the authority conferred by the bronze and silver pins. And rarely have the league members emphasized their rights rather than their duties. Indeed the only privileges given by the pins are those of leaving or entering a study hall or the library without a pass, and of being called upon to render more service to the school than do those who are not league members.

As the years have passed we have learned to trust more and more the judgment of the student executive council, not only in the selection of new members and in the award of silver pins, but also in matters of discipline as well. Recently several rather serious cases of dishonesty were referred by the teachers' committee