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whether the said pleas be real, personal, or mixed; and for the awarding and making out of execution thereupon; to which courts and judicatories, are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or affirmations, for the better discovery of truth in any matter in controversy or depending before

them.

4. And further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general court, from time to time, to make, ordain, and establish, all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, and ordinances, directions, and instructions, either with penalties or without, (so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution,) as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this commonwealth, and for the government and ordering thereof, and of the citizens of the same, and for the necessary support and defence of the government thereof; and to name and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws for the naming and settling all civil officers, within the said commonwealth, the election and constitution of whom are not hereafter, in this form of government, otherwise provided for; and to set forth the several duties, powers, and limits of the several civil and military officers of this commonwealth, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations shall be respectively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and persons resident, and estates lying within the said commonwealth; and also to impose and levy reasonable duties and excises upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandises, and commodities whatsoever, brought into, produced, inanufactured, or being within the same; to be issued and disposed of by warrant under the hand of the governor of this commonwealth for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, for the public service, in the necessary defence and support of the government of the said commonwealth and the protection and preservation of the citizens thereof, according to such acts as are, or shall be in force within the same,

And while the public charges of government, or any part thereof, shall be assessed on polls and estates in th

manner that has hitherto been practised; in order that such assessments may be made with equality, there shall be a valuation of estates within the commonwealth taken anew once in every ten years, at the least, and as much oftener as the general court shall order.

CHAP. 1.-SECTION 2.

Senate.

Article 1. There shall be annually elected by the freeholders and other inhabitants of this commonwealth, qualified as in this constitution is provided, forty persons to be counsellors and senators for the year ensuing their election: to be chosen by the inhabitants of the districts into which the commonwealth may from time to time be divided by the general court for that purpose. And the general court, in assigning the numbers to be elected by the representative districts, shall govern themselves by the proportion of the public taxes paid by the said districts; and timely make known to the inhabitants of the commonwealth, the limits of each district, and the number of counsellors and senators to be chosen' therein: provided that the number of such districts shall be never less than thirteen; and that no district be so large as to entitle the same to choose more than six senators.

And the several counties in this commonwealth shall, until the general court shall determine it necessary to alter the said districts, be districts for choice of counsel. lors and senators, (except that the counties of Dukescounty and Nantucket shall form one district for that purpose,) and shall elect the following number for counsellors and senators, viz.

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2. The senate shall be the first branch of the legislature: and the senators shall be chosen in the following manner, viz. There shall be a meeting on the first Monday in April, aunually, for ever, of the inhabitants of

each town of the several counties of this commonwealth; to be called by the select men, and warned in due course of Law, at least seven days before the first Monday in April, for the purpose of electing persons to be senators and counsellors. And at such meetings every male inhabitant, of twenty-one years and upwards, having a freehold estate within the commonwealth of the annual income of three pounds, or any estate of the value of sixty pounds, shall have a right to give in his vote for the senators for the district of which he is an inhabitant. And to remove all doubts concerning the word “inhabitant" in this constitution, every person shall be considered as an inhabitant (for the purpose of electing and being elected into any office or place within this state) in that town, district, or plantation, where he dwelleth or hath his home.

The selectmen of the several towns shall preside at such meetings impartially; and shall receive the votes of all the inhabitants of such towns, present and qualified to vote for senators; and shall sort and count them in open town meeting, and, in presence of the town clerk, who shall make a fair record, in presence of the selectmen, and in open town meeting, of the name of every person voted for, and of the number of votes against his name; and a fair copy of this record shall be attested by the selectmen and the town clerk, and shall be sealed up, directed to the secretary of the commonwealth for the time being, with a superscription, expressing the purports of the contents thereof, and delivered by the town clerk of such town to the sheriff of the county in which such town lies, thirty days at least before the last Wednesday in May, annually; or it shall be delivered into the secretary's office seventeen days at least before the said last Wednesday in May; and the sheriff of each county shall deliver all such certificates by him received into the secretary's office, seventeen days before the said last Wednesday in May.

And the inhabitants of plantations unincoporated, (qualified as this constitution provides,) who are or shall be empowered and required to assess taxes upon themselves, toward the support of government, shall have the same privilege of voting for counsellors and senators in the plantations where they reside, as town inhabitants have in their respective towns; and the plantation meet

ings for that purpose shall be held annually on the same first Monday in April, at such place in the plantations repectively as the assessors thereof shall direct; which assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, collecting and returning the votes, as the selectmen and town clerks have in their several towns; by this constitution; and all other persons living in places unincorporated, (qualified as aforesaid,) who shall be assessed to the support of government by the assessors of an adjacent town, shall have the privilege of giving in their votes for counsellors and senators in the town where they shall be assessed, and be notified of the place of meeting, by the selectmen of the town, wheret hey shall be assessed, for that purpose, accordingly.

3. And that there may be a due convention of senators on the last Wednesday in May, annually, the governor and five of the council, for the time being, shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of such records; and fourteen days before the said day, he shall issue his summons to such persons as shall appear to be chosen by the majority of votes to attend on that day and take their seats accordingly: provided, nevertheless, that, for the first year, the said returned copies shall be examined by the president and five of the council of the former constitution of government: and the said president shall, in like manner, issue his summons to the persons so elected, that they may take their seats as aforesaid.

4. The senate shall be the final judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in the constitution; and shall, on the said last Wednesday in May, annually, determine and declare who are elected by each district, to be senators, by a majority of votes: and in case there shall not appear to be the full number of senators returned, elected by a majority of votes for any district, the deficiency shall be supplied in the following manner, viz. The members of the house of representatives, and such senators as shall be declared elected, shall take the names of such persons as shall be found to have the highest number of votes in such district, and not elected, amounting to twice the number of senators wanting, if there be so many voted for; and out of these shall elect, by ballot, a number of senators sufficient to fill up the vacancies in such district; and in this

manner all such vacancies shall be filled in every district of the commonwealth; and, in like manner, all vacancies in the senate, arising by death, removal out of the state, or otherwise, shall be supplied as soon as may be, after such vacancies shall happen:

5. Provided, nevertheless, that no person shall be capa ble of being elected as a senator, who is not seized in his own right of a freehold within this commonwealth of the value of three hundred pounds at least, or possessed of personal estate to the value of six hundred pounds at least, or of both to the amount of the same sum; and who has not been an inhabitant of this commonwealth for the space of five years immediately preceding his election; and at the time of his election he shall be an inhabitant in the district for which he shall be chosen.

6. The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided such adjournments do not exceed two days at a time.

7. The senate shall choose its own president, appoint its own officers, and determine its own rules of proceedings.

8. The senate shall be a court with full authority to hear and determine all impeachments made by the house of representatives, against any officer or officers of the commonwealth, for misconduet and maleadministration in their offices. But, previous to the trial of every impeachment, the members of the senate shall respectively be sworn, truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question, according to evidence. Their judgment, however, shall not extend further, than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold or enjoy any place of honour, trust, or profit, under this commonwealth: but the party so convicted shall be, nevertheless, liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to the laws of the land.

9. Not less then sixteen members of the senate shall constitute a quorum for doing business.

CHAP. 1.-SECTION 3.

House of Representatives.

Article 1. There shall be, in the legislature of this commonwealth, a representation of the people, annually electted, and founded upon the principle of equality.

2. And in order to provide for a representation of the citizens of this commonwealth, founded on the principles

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