When Santa Ana reappeared in Mexico, Paredes was seized and confined, but escaped to Havana. Going to Europe, he sought to place a Spanish or French prince at the head of the Mexicans. He afterwards returned to Mexico City, where he died on Sept. 11, 1849.

Lower Canadian Parliament in 1809, becoming speaker in 1815. He became a leader of the radical, or opposition, party at the beginning of his public life. He opposed the union of the two Canadas, at which the English party aimed, and in 1823 he was sent on a mission to London, to remonstrate against that measure. In Parke, JOHN GRUBB, military officer; 1827 he was again a member of the House, born in Chester county, Pa., Sept. 22, 1827; and elected its speaker; and in 1834 he graduated at West Point in 1849. Entering introduced to that body a list of the de- the engineer corps, he became brigadiermands and grievances of the Lower Cana- general of volunteers Nov. 23, 1861. He dians, known as the Ninety-two Resolu- commanded a brigade under Burnside in tions." He supported the resolutions with his operations on the North Carolina great ability, and recommended constitu- coast early in 1862, and with him joined tional resistance to the British govern- the Army of the Potomac. He served in ment and commercial non-intercourse with McClellan's campaigns, and when BurnEngland. Matters were brought to a crisis side became its commander he was that in 1837, when the new governor (Lord general's chief of staff. In the campaign Gosford) decided to administer the gov- against Vicksburg he was a conspicuous ernment without the assistance of the actor. He was with Sherman, commandcolonial Parliament. The Liberal party ing the left wing of his army after the flew to arms. Papineau urged peaceful fall of Vicksburg. He was also engaged constitutional opposition, but an insurrec- in the defence of Knoxville; and in the tion was begun that could not be allayed Richmond campaign, in 1864, he commandby persuasion, and he took refuge in the ed the 9th Corps, and continued to do so United States at the close of that year. until the surrender of Lee. In 1865 he was In 1839 he went to France, where he en- brevetted major-general; in 1889 was regaged in literary pursuits about eight tired. He died in Washington, D. C., Dec. years. After the union of the Canadas, 16, 1900. in 1841, and a general amnesty for political offences was proclaimed, in 1844, Papineau returned to his native country (1847), and was made a member of the Canadian Parliament. After 1854 he took no part in public affairs. He died in Montebello, Quebec, Sept. 23,

1871.

Parker, ALTON BROOKS, jurist; born in Cortland, N. Y., May 14, 1852; acquired a public-school education; taught school in Virgil, Binghamton, and Rochester, N. Y., and later attended the Albany Law School, where he was graduated in 1872. Admitted to the bar in 1872, practising in Kingston, N. Y.; became clerk of the board of Paredes y Arrillaga, MARIANO, mili- supervisors of Ulster county in 1873, tary officer; born in Mexico City in 1797; surrogate in 1877, and was re-elected in became an active participant in the polit- 1883; elected justice of the Supreme ical events in Mexico in 1820. When, Court of New York in 1885 to fill a upon the annexation of Texas to the Unit- vacancy, and was re-elected; was a ed States (1845), President Herrera en- member of the Second Division of the deavored to gain the acquiescence of the Court of Appeals of New York in 1889Mexicans to the measure, Paredes assist- 93, and of the General Term of the ed him, and with 25,000 men defeated First District in 1893-96; elected chiefSanta Ana, who was banished. After- justice of the Court of Appeals of New wards Paredes, with the assistance of York in 1897; and Democratic nominee Arista, defeated Herrera, and was installed for President of the United States, in President of Mexico June 12, 1845. The 1904.

next day he took command of the army, Gold-Standard Telegram.-Immediately leaving civil affairs in the hands of Vice- after his nomination he broke his silence President Bravo. He was at the head of as to his political views by sending to the the government on the breaking-out of national convention the following telewar with the United States (May, 1846). gram:

66

City in 1776. He also participated in the
capture of Savannah in 1778. He died in
Copenhagen, Denmark, March 7, 1807.

Parker, JOEL, jurist; born in Jaffrey, N. H., Jan. 25, 1795; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1811; admitted to the bar and began practice in Keene, N. H., in 1815; became chief-justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire in 1836; was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in

"ESOPUS, N. Y., July 9, 1904. "I regard the gold standard as firmly and irrevocably established and shall act accordingly if the action of the convention to-day shall be ratified by the people. As the platform is silent on the subject, my view should be made known to the convention, and if it is proved to be unsatisfactory to the majority I request you to decline the nomination for me at once, so that another may be nominated Dartmouth College in 1847-57. His publications include Daniel Webster as before adjournment. Jurist; The Non-Extension of Slavery; Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories; The Right of Secession; Constitutional Law; The War Powers of Congress and the President; Revolution and Construction; The Three Powers of Government; Conflict of Decisions; etc. He died in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 17, 1875.

"ALTON B. PARKER."

After the election Judge Parker removed to New York City and engaged in active law practice.

Parker, EDWARD GRIFFIN, lawyer; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 16, 1825; graduated at Yale College in 1847; admitted to the bar in 1849, and practised in Boston till 1861, when he entered the National army as an aide on the staff of Gen. After the Benjamin F. Butler.

a

Parker, SIR PETER, naval officer; born in England in 1721; became a post-capwar tain in the British navy in 1747. As comHis mander of a fleet, he co-operated with Sir he removed to New York City. publications include The Golden Age of Henry Clinton in an unsuccessful attack American Oratory and Reminiscences of on Charleston, June 28, 1776. He afterRufus Choate. He died in New York City, wards assisted both Viscount General Howe and Admiral Lord Howe in the March 30, 1868. capture of New York, and commanded the He died in squadron which took possession of Rhode Island late in that year. England, Dec. 21, 1811.

Parker, SIR PETER, grandson of the above; born in England in 1786; entered the navy at an early age, and commanded the Menelaus in the War of 1812. On a plundering expedition, Aug. 30, 1814, he met a band of Maryland militia, and in the fight Sir Peter was killed.

His

Parker, ELY SAMUEL, military officer; born on the Seneca Indian reservation, Tonawanda, N. Y., in 1828; became chief of the Six Nations; was educated for a civil engineer; was a personal friend of Gen. U. S. Grant, and during the Civil War was a member of his staff, and military secretary. In the latter capacity he drew up the first copy of the terms of He capitulation of General Lee's army. was commissioned a first lieutenant of Parker, THEODORE, clergyman; born in U. S. cavalry in 1866; brevetted brigadiergeneral U. S. A. in 1867; and was com- Lexington, Mass., Aug. 24, 1810. missioner of Indian affairs in 1869-71. grandfather, Capt. John Parker, commandHe died in Fairfield, Conn., Aug. 31, 1895. ed the company of minute-men in the skirParker, FOXHALL ALEXANDER, naval mish at Lexington. In 1829 he entered officer; born in New York City, Aug. 5, Harvard College, but did not graduate; 1821; graduated at the Naval Academy in taught school until 1837, when he was 1843; served through the Civil War with settled over a Unitarian society at West In 1846 he became minister distinction; was promoted commodore in Roxbury. 1872. His publications include Fleet of the 28th Congregational Society in He urgently opTactics; Squadron Tactics; The Naval Boston. Parker became the most famous Howitzer; The Battle of Mobile Bay; etc. preacher of his time. He died in Annapolis, Md., June 10, posed the war with Mexico as a scheme for the extension of slavery; was an early 1879. advocate of temperance and anti-slavery one of its measures; and after the passage of the fugitive slave law he was

Parker, SIR HYDE, naval officer; born in England in 1739; was in command of one of the ships which attacked New York

VII.-E

65

most uncompromising opponents. So mark- ruled-as it is commonly thought-either ed was his sympathy for Anthony Burns, by the mass of men who follow their nathe seized fugitive slave at Boston (January, 1854), as to cause his indictment and trial for a violation of the fugitive slave law. It was quashed. In 1859 hemorrhage of the lungs terminated his public career. He sailed first to Santa Cruz, thence to Europe, spending the winter

THEODORE PARKER.

of 1859-60 in Rome, whence, in April, he set out for home, but only reached Florence, where he died, May 10, 1860. He bequeathed 13,000 valuable books to the Public Library of Boston.

tional, ethnological, and human instincts, or by a few far-sighted men of genius for politics, who consciously obey the law of God made clear in their own masterly mind and conscience, and make statutes in advance of the calculation or even the instincts of the people, and so manage the ship of state that every occasional tack is on a great circle of the universe, a right line of justice, and therefore the shortest way to welfare; but by two very different classes of men-by mercantile men, who covet money, actual or expectant capitalists; and by political men, who want power, actual or expectant officeholders. These appear diverse; but there is a strong unanimity between the twofor the mercantile men want money as a means of power and the political men power as a means of money. There are noble men in both classes, exceptional, not instantial, men with great riches even, and great office. But, as a class, these men are not above the average morality of the people, often below it; they have no deep religious faith, which leads them to trust the higher law of God. They do not look for principles that are right, conformable to the constitution of the universe, and so creative of the nation's permanent welfare, but only for expedient measures, productive to themselves of selfish money or selfish power. In general, they have the character of adventurers, the aims of adventurers, the morals of adventurers; they begin poor, and of course obscure, and are then "democratic," and hurrah for the people: "Down with the powerful and the rich," is the private maxim of their heart. If they are successful and become rich, famous, attaining high office, they commonly despise the people: "Down with the people!" is the axiom of their heart-only they dare not say it; for there are so many others with the same selfishness, who have not yet

I. Will there be a separation of the two elements, and a formation of two distinct states-freedom with democracy, and slavery with a tendency to despotism? That may save one-half the nation, and leave achieved their end, and raise the oppothe other to voluntary ruin. Certainly, it is better to enter into life halt or maimed rather than having two hands and two feet to be cast into everlasting fire. . . .

site cry. The line of the nation's course is a resultant of the compound selfishness of these two classes.

From these two, with their mercantile But I do not think this "dissolution of and political selfishness, we are to expect the Union" will take place immediately, no comprehensive morality, which will seor very soon. For America is not now cure the rights of mankind; no compre

America gave ten millions of money to Texas to support slavery, passed the fugitive slave bill, and has since kidnapped

hensive policy which will secure expedient Mexico, to get more slave soil. Ninth, measures for a long time. Both will unite in what serves their apparent interest, brings money to the trader, power to the politician-whatever be the consequence men in New England, New York, New

to the country.

As things now are, the Union favors the schemes of both of these classes of men; thereby the politician gets power, the trader makes money.

If the Union were to be dissolved and a great Northern commonwealth were to be organized, with the idea of freedom, threequarters of the politicians, federal and State, would pass into contempt and oblivion; all that class of Northern demagogues who scoff at God's law, such as filled the offices of the late Whig administration in its day of power or as fill the offices of the Democratic administration to-day-they would drop down so deep that no plummet would ever reach them; you would never hear of them again. . . .

Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, in all the East, in all the West, in all the Middle States. All the great cities have kidnapped their own citizens. Professional slave-hunters are members of New England churches; kidnappers sit down at the Lord's table in the city of Cotton, Chauncey, and Mayhew. In this very year, before it is half through, America has taken two more steps for the destruction of freedom. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the enslavement of Nebraska: that is the tenth step. Here is the eleventh: the Mexican treaty, giving away $10,000,000 and buying a little strip of worthless land, solely that it may serve the cause of slavery.

Here are eleven great steps openly taken towards the ruin of liberty in America. Are these the worst? Very far from it! Yet more dangerous things have been done in secret.

I. Slavery has corrupted the mercantile class. Almost all the leading merchants of the North are pro-slavery men. They hate freedom, hate your freedom and mine! This is the only Christian country in which commerce is hostile to freedom.

II. The next hypothesis is, freedom may triumph over slavery. That was the expectation once, at the time of the Declaration of Independence; nay, at the forma tion of the Constitution. But only two national steps have beeen taken against slavery since then-one the ordinance of 1787, the other the abolition of the African slave-trade; really that was done in 1788, formally twenty years after. the individual States the white man's free- II. See the corruption of the political dom enlarges every year; but the federal class. There are 40,000 officers of the government becomes more and more ad- federal government. Look at them in dicted to slavery. This hypothesis does Boston-their character is as well known not seem very likely to be adopted.

In

as this hall. Read their journals in this III. Shall slavery destroy freedom? It city-do you catch a whisper of freedom looks very much like it. Here are nine in them? Slavery has sought its menial great steps, openly taken since '87, in servants- men basely born and basely favor of slavery. First, America put sla- bred: it has corrupted them still further, very into the Constitution. Second, out and put them in office. America, like Rusof old soil she made four new slave States. sia, is the country for mean men to thrive Third, America, in 1793, adopted slavery in. Give him time and mire enoughas a federal institution, and guaranteed a worm can crawl as high as an eagle her protection for that kind of property flies. State rights are sacrificed at the as for no other. Fourth, America bought North; centralization goes on with rapid the Louisiana territory in 1803, and put strides; State laws are trodden under foot. slavery into it. Fifth, she thence made The Northern President is all for slavery. Louisiana, Missouri, and then Arkansas The Northern members of the cabinet are slave States. Sixth, she made slavery for slavery; in the Senate, fourteen Northperpetual in Florida. Seventh, she an- ern Democrats were for the enslavement nexed Texas. Eighth, she fought the Mexi- of Nebraska; in the House of Representacan War, and plundered a feeble sister tives, forty-four Northern Democrats voted republic of California, Utah, and New for the bill-fourteen in the Senate, forty

four in the House; fifty-eight Northern younger than my children might be: and men voted against the conscience of the I honor these men for the fearless testiNorth and the law of God. Only eight mony which they have borne-the old, men out of all the South could be found the middle-aged, and the young. But friendly to justice and false to their own they are very exceptional men. Is there local idea of injustice. The present ad- a minister in the South who preaches ministration, with its supple tools of tyr- against slavery? How few in all the anny, came into office while the cry of North! No higher law" was echoing through the land!

At this day 600,000 slaves are directly and personally owned by men who are III. Slavery has debauched the press. called "professing Christians," "members How many leading journals of commerce in good fellowship" of the churches of and politics in the great cities do you this land; 80,000 owned by Presbyterians, know that are friendly to freedom and 225,000 by Baptists, 250,000 owned by opposed to slavery? Out of the five large Methodists-600,000 slaves in this land daily commercial papers in Boston, Whig or Democratic, I know of only one that has spoken a word for freedom this great while. The American newspapers are poor defenders of American liberty. Listen to one of them, speaking of the last kidnapping in Boston: "We shall need to employ the same measures of coercion as are necessary in monarchical countries." There is always some one ready to do the basest deeds. Yet there are some noble journals, political and commercial, such as the New York Tribune and Evening Post.

IV. Then our colleges and schools are corrupted by slavery. I do not know of five colleges in all the North which publicly appear on the side of freedom. What the hearts of the presidents and professors are, God knows, not I. The great crime against humanity, practical atheism, found ready support in Northern colleges in 1850 and 1851. Once the common reading-books of our schools were full of noble words. Read the school-books now made by Yankee peddlers of literature, and what liberal ideas do you find there? They are meant for the Southern market. Slavery must not be offended!

V. Slavery has corrupted the churches! There are 28,000 Protestant clergymen in the United States. There are noble hearts, true and just men among them, who have fearlessly borne witness to the truth. I need not mention their names. Alas! they are not very numerous; I should not have to go over my fingers many times to count them all. I honor these exceptional men. Some of them are old, far older than I am, older than my father need have been; some of them are far younger than I; nay, some of them

owned by men who profess Christianity,
and in churches sit down to take the
Lord's Supper, in the name of Christ and
God! There are ministers who own their
fellow-men-“ bought with a price."
Does this not look as if slavery were to
triumph over freedom?

We

VI. Slavery corrupts the judicial class. In America, especially in New England, no class of men has been so much respected as the judges; and for this reason: have had wise, learned, excellent men for our judges; men who reverenced the higher law of God, and sought by human statutes to execute justice. You all know their venerable names, and how reverentially we have looked up to them. Many of them are dead; some are still living, and their hoary hairs are a crown of glory on a judicial life, without judicial blot. But of late slavery has put a different class of men on the benches of the federal courts-mere tools of the government; creatures which get their appointment as pay for past political service, and as pay in advance for iniquity not yet accomplished. You see the consequences. Note the zeal of the federal judges to execute iniquity by statute and destroy liberty. See how ready they are to support the fugitive slave bill, which tramples on the spirit of the Constitution, and its letter, too; which outrages justice and violates the most sacred principles and precepts of Christianity. Not a United States judge, circuit or district, has uttered one word against that "bill of abominations." Nay, how greedy they are to get victims under it! wolf loves better to rend a lamb into fragments than these judges to kidnap

No