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They then expected an easy conquest of will lose my life in the attempt." The the town, but were soon confronted by town, in possession of the enemy, was cannon under Captain Kellogg and Sher- plundered by Indians and camp-followers iff York. The gun of the former became of both sexes, who came over from Canada, disabled, and he and his men fled across and by resident miscreants. Every house the Oswegatchie and joined Forsyth, leav- in the village but three was entered, and ing the indomitable York to maintain the the public property carried over to Canafight alone, until he and his band were da. Two armed schooners, fast in the ice, made prisoners. The village was now in were burned, and the barracks near the complete possession of the British, and river were laid in ashes. Fifty-two prisMcDonell proceeded to dislodge Forsyth oners were taken to Prescott. The Amerand his party at the fort. He sent a mes- icans lost in the affair, besides the prisonsage to that commander to surrender, say- ers, five killed and fifteen wounded; the ing, "If you surrender, it shall be well; if British loss was six killed and forty-eight not, every man shall be put to the bayo- wounded. They immediately evacuated the net." "Tell Colonel McDonell," said For- place, and the fugitive citizens returned. syth to the messenger, "there must be more fighting done first." Then the two cannon near the ruins of the fort gave heavy discharges of grape and canister shot, which threw the invaders into confusion. It was only momentary. An overwhelming party of the British were preparing to make an assault, when For

Ogilvie, JOHN, clergyman; born in New York City in 1722; graduated at Yale in 1748; missionary to the Indians in 1749; chaplain to the Royal American Regiment during the French and Indian War; assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York City, in 1764. He died in New York City, Nov. 26, 1774.

OGLESBY-OGLETHORPE

Oglesby, RICHARD JAMES, military officer; born in Oldham county, Ky., July 25, 1824; settled in Decatur, Ill., in 1836. When the Mexican War broke out he entered the army as lieutenant in the 8th Illinois Infantry and participated in the siege of Vera Cruz and in the action at Cerro Gordo. Resigning in 1847 he studied law, and began practice in 1851. He was elected to the State Senate in 1860, but when the Civil War began resigned his seat and became colonel of the 8th Illinois Volunteers; won distinction in the battles of Pittsburg Landing and Corinth; and was promoted major-general in 1862. He was elected governor of Illinois in 1864 and 1872, but in his second term served a few days only when he was elected United States Senator. In 1878 he was again elected governor. He died in Elkhart, Ill., April 24, 1899.

Oglethorpe, JAMES EDWARD, "father of Georgia; born in London, England, Dec. 21, 1698. Early in 1714 he was commissioned one of Queen Anne's guards, and was one of Prince Eugene's aids in the campaign against the Turks in 1716-17. At the siege and capture of Belgrade he was very active, and he attained the rank of colonel in the British army. In 1722 he was elected to a seat in Parliament, which he held thirty-two years. In that body he made a successful effort to relieve the distresses of prisoners for debt, who crowded the jails of England, and projected the plan of a colony in America to serve as an asylum for the persecuted Protestants in Germany and other Continental countries, and for those persons at home who had become so desperate in circumstances that they could not rise and hope again without changing the scene and making trial of a different country." Thomson, alluding to this project of transporting and expatriating the prisoners for debt to America, wrote this half-warning line, "O great design! if executed well." It was proposed to found the colony in the country between South Carolina and Florida. King George II. granted a charter for the purpose in June, 1732, which incorporated twenty-one trustees for founding the colony of Georgia.

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Oglethorpe accompanied the first company of emigrants thither, and early in 1733 founded the town of Savannah on

Yamacraw Bluff. A satisfactory conference with the surrounding Indians, with MARY MUSGROVE (q. v.) as interpreter, resulted in a treaty which secured sovereignty to the English over a large territory. Oglethorpe went to England in 1734, leaving the colony in care of others, and taking natives with him. He did not return to Georgia until 1736, when he took with him several cannon and about 150 Scotch Highlanders skilled in the military art. This was the first British army in Georgia. With him also came REV. JOHN WESLEY (q. v.) and his brother Charles, for the purpose of giving spiritual instruction to the colonists. The elements of prosperity were now with the colonists, who numbered more than 500 souls; but the unwise restrictions of the trustees were a serious bar to advancement. Many Germans, also, now settled in Georgia, among them a band of Moravians; and the Wesleys were followed by GEORGE WHITEFIELD (q. v.), a

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zealous young clergyman burning with zeal for the good of men, and who worked lovingly with the Moravians in Georgia.

With his great guns and his Highlanders, Oglethorpe was prepared to defend his colony from intruders; and they soon proved to be useful, for the Spaniards at St. Augustine, jealous of the growth of With his the new colony, menaced them. martial Scotchmen, Oglethorpe went on an expedition among the islands off the coast, of Georgia, and on St. Simon's he founded Frederica and built a fort. At Darien, where a few Scotch people had

planted a settlement, he traced out a forti- offer congratulations to John Adams, fication. Then he went to Cumberland because of American independence, when Island, and there marked out a fort that that gentleman went as minister to would command the mouth of the St. England in 1784. He died in Essex, Mary's River. On a small island at the England, Jan. 30, 1785. See FLORIDA ; entrance of the St. John's River he GEORGIA. planned a small military work, which he named Fort George. He also founded Augusta, far up the Savannah River, and built a stockade as a defence against hostile Indians.

O'Hara, CHARLES, military officer; born in 1730; was a lieutenant of the Coldstream Guards in 1756, and, as colonel of the Foot Guards, came to America in 1780 in command of them. He served under Cornwallis, and commanded the van in the famous pursuit of Greene in 1781. He was badly wounded in the battle of GUILFORD (q. v.), and was commander of the British right, as brigadier-general, at the surrender at Yorktown, when he gave to General Lincoln the sword of Cornwallis, the latter too ill, it was alleged, to appear on the field. After serving as governor of several English colonies, he was lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar in 1787, and governor in 1795. In 1797 he was made general. He died in Gibraltar, Feb. 21, 1802.

O'Hara, THEODORE, poet; born in Danville, Ky., Feb. 11, 1820; graduated at St. Joseph Academy, Bardstown, Ky.; and admitted to the bar in 1845. He was appointed captain and assistant quartermaster in the army in June, 1846, and served with distinction throughout the Mexican War. After the remains of the Kentucky soldiers who fell at Buena Vista were reinterred in their native State he wrote for that occasion the well-known poem, The Bivouac of the Dead, the first stanza of which is:

These hostile preparations caused the Spaniards at St. Augustine to threaten war. Creek tribes offered their aid to Oglethorpe, and the Spaniards made a treaty of peace with the English. It was disapproved in Spain, and Oglethorpe was notified that a commissioner from Cuba would meet him at Frederica. They met. The Spaniard demanded the evacuation of all Georgia and a portion of South Carolina by the English, claiming the territory to the latitude of Port Royal as Spanish possessions. Oglethorpe hastened to England to confer with the trustees and seek military strength. He returned in the autumn of 1738, a brigadier-general, authorized to raise troops in Georgia. He found the colonists languishing and discontented. Idleness prevailed, and they yearned for the privilege of employing slave-labor. Late the next year war broke out between England and Spain. St. Augustine had been strengthened with troops, and Oglethorpe resolved to strike a blow before the Spaniards should be well prepared; so he led an unsuccessful expedition into Florida. Two years later the Spaniards proceeded to retaliate, but were frustrated by a stratagem. Oglethorpe had successfully settled, colonized, and defended Georgia, spending a large amount of his own fortune in the enterprise, not for his own glory, but for a benevolent purpose. He returned to England in 1743, where, after performing good military service as majorgeneral against the "Young Pretender (1745), and serving a few years longer in Parliament, he retired to his seat in Essex. When General Gage returned from America, in 1775, Oglethorpe was offered the general command of the British troops Ohio, STATE OF, was first explored by in this country, though he was then about La Salle about 1680, his object being trade seventy-seven years of age. He did not and not settlement. Conflicting claims approve the doings of the ministry, and to territory in that region led to the declined. He was among the first to FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (q. v.). The

دو

"The muffled drum's sad roll has beat
The soldier's last tattoo.
No more on life's parade shall meet
That brave and fallen few.
On Fame's eternal camping ground
Their silent tents are spread;

And Glory guards, with solemn round,
The bivouac of the dead."

During the Civil War he enlisted in the Confederate army and became colonel of the 12th Alabama Regiment. He died near Guerryton, Ala., June 6, 1867.

OHIO, STATE OF

French held possession of the region north near Lake Erie. In 1800 jurisdiction of the Ohio River until the conquest of over these tracts was relinquished to Canada in 1760 and the surrender of vast territory by the French to the English in 1763. After the Revolution disputes arose

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the national government, the States retaining the right to the soil, while the Indian titles to the rest of the State were bought up by the national government.

In the autumn of 1785 United States troops began the erection of a fort on the right bank of the Muskingum, at its mouth. The commander of the troops was Maj. John Doughty, and he named it Fort Harmar, in honor of his commander, Col. Josiah Harmar. It was the first military post of the kind built in Ohio. The outlines formed a regular pentagon, embracing three-fourths of an acre. United States troops occupied Fort Harmar until 1790, when they left it to construct Fort Washington, on the site of Cincinnati. After the treaty of Greenville it was abandoned.

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In 1788 Gen. Rufus Putnam, at the head of a colony from Massachusetts, between several States as to their respec- founded a settlement at the mouth of the tive rights to the soil in that region. Muskingum River, and named it Marietta, These were settled by the cession of the in honor of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of territory to the United States by the re- Louis XVI. of France. A stockade fort spective States, Virginia reserving 3,709,- was immediately built as a protection 848 acres near the rapids of the Ohio, against hostile Indians, and named Camand Connecticut a tract of 3,666,921 acres pus Martius. In the autumn of the same

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year a party of settlers seated themselves
upon SYMMES'S PURCHASE (q. v.) and
founded Columbia, near the mouth of the
Little Miami. Fort Washington was soon
afterwards built, a little below, on
the site of Cincinnati.

Ohio was soon afterwards organized into a separate territorial government. The settlers were annoyed by hostile Indians until Wayne's victories in 1794 and the treaty at Greenville gave peace to that region. In 1799 the first territorial legislature assembled, and Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State April 30, 1802. From 1800 to 1810 the seat of government was at Chillicothe. For a while it was at Zanesville, then again at Chillicothe, and finally, in 1816, Columbus was made the permanent seat of the State government.

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the full number had assembled at the close of April, 1812. They were organized into three regiments, and elected their field officers before the arrival of Hull. The colonels of the respective regiments were Duncan McArthur, James Findlay, and Lewis Cass. The 4th Regiment of regulars, stationed at Vincennes, under Lieut.-Col. James Miller, had been ordered

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to join the militia at Dayton. The command of the troops was surrendered to Hull by Governor Meigs on May 25, 1812. They began their march northward June

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Its people were active on the frontiers in the War of 1812. The President called on Gov. P. J. Meigs for 1,200 militia to be prepared to march to Detroit. Gov. William Hull, of Michigan, was persuaded to accept the commission of brigadier-general and take command of 1; and at Urbana they were joined by them. Governor Meigs's call was gen- Miller's 4th Regiment, which, under Coloerously responded to, and at the mouth nel Boyd, had participated in the battle of the Mad River, near Dayton, O., of TIPPECANOE (q. v.). They encountered

SEAT OF GOVERNMENT AT CHILLICOTHE IN 1800.

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