what they will, I am determined to proceed. The only principles of public conduct that are worthy of a gentleman or a man are to sacrifice estate, ease, health, and applause-and even life-to the sacred calls of his country. with this writ, in the daytime, may enter all the houses, shops, etc., at will, and command all to assist him. Fourthly, by this writ, not only deputies, etc., but even their menial servants, are allowed to lord it over us. What is this but to These manly sentiments, in private life, have the curse of Canaan with a witmake the good citizen; in public life, ness on us; to be the servant of servants, the patriot and the hero. I do not say the most despicable of God's creation? that, when brought to the test, I shall Now one of the most essential branches be invincible. I pray God I may never of English liberty is the freedom of one's be brought to the melancholy trial; but house. A man's house is his castle; and, if ever I should, it will be then known while he is quiet, he is as well guarded how far I can reduce to practice princi- as a prince in his castle. This writ, ples which I know to be founded in truth. In the mean time, I will proceed to the subject of this writ. if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege. Customhouse officers may enter our houses when Your honors will find in the old books, they please; and we are commanded to concerning the office of a justice of the permit their entry. Their menial serpeace, precedents of general warrants to vants may enter, may break locks, bars, search suspected houses. But in more and everything in their way; and whether modern books you will find only special they break through malice or revenge, warrants to search such and such houses, no man, no court can inquire. Bare susspecially named, in which the complain- picion without oath is sufficient. This ant has before sworn that he suspects wanton exercise of this power is not a his goods are concealed; and will find chimerical suggestion of a heated brain. it adjudged that special warrants only I will mention some facts. Mr. Pew had are legal. In the same manner, I rely one of these writs, and when Mr. Ware on it that the writ prayed for in this succeeded him, he endorsed this writ over petition, being general, is illegal. It is to Mr. Ware; so that these writs are nea power that places the liberty of every gotiable from one officer to another; and man in the hands of every petty officer. so your honors have no opportunity of I say I admit that special writs of as- judging the persons to whom this vast sistance, to search special places, may be power is delegated. Another instance granted to certain persons on oath; but is this: Mr. Justice Walley had called I deny that the writ now prayed for can this same Mr. Ware before him, by a be granted, for I beg leave to make some constable, to answer for a breach of the observations on the writ itself, before I Sabbath-day acts, or that of profane swearproceed to other acts of Parliament. In ing. As soon as he had finished, Mr. Ware the first place, the writ is universal, being asked him if he had done. He replied, directed "to all and singular justices, "Yes." "Well, then," said Mr. Ware, sheriffs, constables, and all other officers "I will show you a little of my power. and subjects"; so that, in short, it is I command you to permit me to search directed to every subject in the King's your house for uncustomed goods"; and dominions. Every one with this writ went on to search the house from the may be a tyrant; if this commission be garret to the cellar; and then served legal, a tyrant in a legal manner; also, the constable in the same manner! But may control, imprison, or murder any one to show another absurdity in this writ: within the realm. In the next place, it if it should be established, I insist upon is perpetual; there is no return. A man it every person, by the 14th Charles II., is accountable to no person for his doings. has this power as well as the customEvery man may reign secure in his petty house officers. The words are: "It shall tyranny, and spread terror and desolation be lawful for any person or persons auaround him, until the trump of the arch- thorized," etc. What a scene does this angel shall excite different emotions in open! Every man prompted by revenge. his soul. In the third place, a person ill-humor, or wantonness to inspect the 66 inside of his neighbor's house may get Vienna; took part in the Austrian Revolu a writ of assistance. Others will ask it from self-defence; one arbitrary exertion will provoke another, until society be inIvolved in tumult and in blood. tion of 1848; the Schleswig-Holstein war Otterbein, PHILIP WILLIAM, clergy. man; born in Germany, June 4, 1726; ordained in 1749; removed to America in 1752, where he ministered to the Germans in Pennsylvania, among whom he labored until his death at Baltimore, Md., Nov. 17, 1813. Ouatanon, FORT, a defensive work on the Wabash, just below the present city of Lafayette, Ind. At 8 P.M. on May 31, 1763, a war-belt reached the Indian village near the fort. The next morning the commandant was lured into an Indian cabin and bound with cords. On hearing of this his garrison surrendered. The French living near saved the lives of the men by paying ransom and receiving the Englishmen into their houses. See PONTIAC. Ottawa Indians, a tribe of the Algonquian family, seated on the northern part of the Michigan peninsula when discovered by the French. When the Iroquois overthrew the Hurons in 1649 the frightened Ottawas fled to the islands in Green Bay, and soon afterwards joined the Sioux beyond the Mississippi. They were speedily expelled, when they recrossed the great river; and after the French settled at Detroit a part of the Ottawas became seated near them. Meanwhile the Jesuits had established missions among them. Finally the part of the nation that was at Mackinaw passed over to Michigan; and in the war that resulted in the conquest of Canada the Ottawas joined the French. PONTIAC (q. v.), who was at the head of the Detroit family, engaged in a great conspiracy in 1763, but was not joined by those in the north of the peninsula. At that time the whole tribe numbered about 1,500. In the Revolution and subsequent hostilities they were opposed to the Americans, but finally made a treaty of peace at Greenville, in 1795, when one band settled on the Miami River. In conjunction with other tribes, they ceded their lands around Lake Michigan to the United States in 1833 in exchange for lands in Missouri, where they flourish- Oureouhare, Indian chief of the Cayued for a time. After suffering much gas; was treacherously captured by the trouble, this emigrant band obtained a French in 1687 and sent to France, but reservation in the Indian Territory, to was sent back to Canada in 1789 with which the remnant of this portion of the Frontenac, for whom he conceived a friendfamily emigrated in 1870. The upper ship. He was employed by the French to Michigan Ottawas remain in the North, effect an alliance with the Iroquois, but in the vicinity of the Great Lakes. There was unsuccessful. In the ensuing war he are some in Canada, mingled with other Indians. Roman Catholic and Protestant missions have been established among them. Their own simple religion embraces a belief in a good and evil spirit. In 1899 there were 162 Ottawas at the Quapaw agency, Indian Territory, and a larger number at the Mackinac agency, Michigan, where 6,000 Ottawas and Chip- Arkansas rivers. In 1796-1804 he expewas were living on the same reservation. plored Missouri, Louisiana, northern Ottendorfer, OSWALD, journalist; born Texas, both Carolinas, Georgia, Ohio, in Zwittau, Moravia, Feb. 26, 1826; Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and studied in the universities of Prague and southern Illinois. He returned to France Ouray, Indian chief of the Uncompalgre Utes; born about 1820; always friendly to civilization, and generally known as the "White man's friend." Through his influence the Utes were restrained in 1879 from hostilities. He died at Los Pinos agency, Aug. 27, 1880. led the Christian Huron Indians against the Iroquois. He died in Quebec in 1697. Ouvrier, PIERRE GUSTAVE, historian; born in Calais, France, in 1765; was appointed chancellor to the French consulate in Philadelphia in 1795; later he descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, and also explored the Missouri and At the age of eighteen he was part proprietor of a cotton-mill, and became a proprietor of cotton-mills at Lanark, Scotland, where he introduced reforms. In 1812 he published his New Views of Society, etc., and afterwards his Book of the New Moral World, in which he maintained a theory of modified communism. Immensely wealthy, he distributed tracts inculcating his views very widely, and soon had a host of followers. In 1823 he came to the United States and bought 20,000 acres of land-the settlement at New Harmony, Ind.—with dwellings for 1,000 persons, where he resolved to found a communist society. This was all done at his own expense. It was an utter failure. He returned in 1827, and tried the same experiment in Great Britain, and afterwards in Mexico, with the same result. Yet he continued during his life to advocate his peculiar social notions as the founder of a system of religion and society according to reason. During his latter years he was a believer in spiritualism, and became convinced of the immortality of the soul. He was the originator of the "labor leagues," from which sprang the Chartist movement. He died in Newtown, North Wales, Nov. 19, 1858. See NEW HARMONY. on the restoration of Louis XVIII. His Owen, ROBERT, social reformer; born in publications include The Political and Newtown, North Wales, May 14, 1771. Civil History of the United States of North America; and Critical Studies on the Political Constitution of the United States of North America and the Contradictions which exist between it and the Civil Laws of the Various States of the Union. He died in Calais, France, in 1822. vando, NICHOLAS DE, military officer; born in Valladolid, Spain, in 1460; was sent by Queen Isabella to supplant Bobadilla as governor of Santo Domingo in 1501, charged by the Queen not to allow the enslavement of the natives, but to protect them as subjects of Spain, and to carefully instruct them in the Christian faith. Ovando sailed for the West Indies, Feb. 13, 1502, with thirty-two ships, bearing 2,500 persons to become settlers in that country. By command of the Queen, the Spaniards and natives were to pay tithes; none but natives of Castile were to live in the Indies; none to go on discoveries without royal permission; no Jews, Moors, nor new converts were to be tolerated there; and all the property that had been taken from Columbus and his brother was to be restored to them. In Ovando's fleet were ten Franciscan friars, the first of that order who came to settle in the Indies. Ovando, like Bobadilla, treated Columbus with injustice. He was recalled in 1508, and was succeeded in office by Diego Columbus, son of the great admiral. Ovando died in Madrid, Spain, in 1518. Owen, ROBERT DALE, author; born in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 9, 1801; son of Robert Owen; educated in Switzerland; came with his father to the United States in 1825, settled at New Harmony, Ind., and, with Madame d'Arusmont (née Frances Wright), edited the New Harmony Gazette, afterwards published in New York and called the Free Inquirer (1825-34). He returned to New Harmony, and was elected, first to the Indiana legislature, and then to Congress, wherein he served from 1843 to 1847, taking a leading part in settling the northwestern boundary question. He introduced the bill (1845) organizing the Smithsonian Institution, and became one of its regents. He was a member of the convention that amended the constitution of Indiana in 1850, and secured for the women of that State rights of property. In 1853 he was sent to Naples as chargé d'affaires, and was made minister in 1855. father in 1783, where he became a lawyer and a member of the State legislature. He served as a judge of the Kentucky Supreme Court from 1812 to 1828; elected governor He published, in pamphlet form, a discussion he had with Horace Greeley in 1860 on divorce, and it had a circulation of 60,000 copies. During the Civil War he wrote much in favor of emancipating of the State in 1844, serving two terms. the slaves, and pleaded for a thorough union of all the States. Mr. Owen was a firm believer in spiritualism, and wrote much on the subject. He died at Lake George, N. Y., June 25, 1877. Owsley, WILLIAM, jurist; born in Virginia in 1782; taken to Kentucky by his He died in Danville, Ky., December, 1862. Oxnard, BENJAMIN A., manufacturer; born in New Orleans, La., Dec. 10, 1855; graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1875; became the founder of the beet-root sugar industry in the United States. cause. P. Paca, WILLIAM, a signer of the Declara- covery of gold in California promised a tion of Independence; born in Wye Hall, Harford co., Md., Oct. 31, 1740; studied law in London; and began its practice in Annapolis, where he became a warm opponent to the obnoxious measures of Parliament. He was a member of the committee of correspondence in 1774, and was a delegate in Congress from 1774 to 1779. He was State Senator from 1777 to 1779; chief-justice from 1778 to 1780, and governor from 1782 to 1786. From 1789 until his death he was United States district judge. From his private wealth he gave liberally to the support of the patriot He died in Wye Hall, in 1799. Pacific Exploring Expedition. The acquisition of California opened the way for an immense commercial interest on the Pacific coast of the United States, and in the spring of 1853 Congress sent four armed vessels, under the command of Captain Ringgold, of the navy, to the eastern shores of Asia, by way of Cape Horn, to explore the regions of the Pacific Ocean, which, it was evident, would soon be traversed by American steamships plying between the ports of the western frontier of the United States and Japan and China. The squadron left Norfolk May 31, with a supply-ship. The expedition returned in the summer of 1856. It made many very important explorations, among them of the whaling and sealing grounds in the region of the coast of Kamtchatka and Bering Strait. Pacific Ocean. See CABEZA DE VACA; NUÑEZ DE; MAGELLAN, FERDINANDO. Pacific Railway. The greatest of American railroad enterprises undertaken up to that time was the construction of a railway over the great plains and lofty mountain ranges between the Missouri River and the Pacific Ocean. As early as 1846 such a work was publicly advocated by Asa Whitney. In 1849, after the dis rapid accumulation of wealth and population on the Pacific coast, Senator Thomas H. Benton introduced a bill into Congress providing for preliminary steps in such an undertaking. In 1853 Congress passed an act providing for surveys of various routes by the corps of topographical engineers. By midsummer, 1853, four expeditions for this purpose were organized to explore as many different routes. One, under Major Stevens, was instructed to explore a northern route, from the upper Mississippi to Puget's Sound, on the Pacific coast. A second expedition, under the direction of Lieutenant Whipple, was directed to cross the continent from a line adjacent to the 36th parallel of N. lat. It was to proceed from the Mississippi, through Walker's Pass of the Rocky Mountains, and strike the Pacific near San Pedro, Los Angeles, or San Diego. A third, under Captain Gunnison, was to proceed through the Rocky Mountains near the head-waters of the Rio del Norte, by way of the Hueferno River and the Great Salt Lake in Utah. The fourth was to leave the southern Mississippi, and reach the Pacific somewhere in Lower California-perhaps San Diego. These surveys cost about $1,000,000. Nothing further, however, was done, owing to political dissensions between the North and the South, until 1862 and 1864, when Congress, in the midst of the immense strain upon the resources of the government in carrying on the war, passed acts granting subsidies for the work, in the form of 6 per cent. gold bonds, at the rate of $16,000 a mile from the Missouri River to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, $48,000 a mile for 300 miles through those mountains, $32,000 a mile between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, and $16,000 a mile from the western slope of the latter range to the sea. In addi |