OSTERHAUS-OSWEGATCHIE INDIAN MISSION

against disease, and further reasoned that in 1864 he was in the Atlanta campaign. "a natural flow of blood is health, and In command of the 15th Corps, he was disease is the effect of local or general with Sherman in his march through disturbance of blood." After various ex- Georgia and South Carolina. In July, periments he became convinced that the 1864, he was made major-general, and in different organs of the body depend for 1865 he was General Canby's chief of staff. their health on nerve centres which are After the war he was appointed consul at principally located along the spine. These Lyons, France; then made his home in he declared could be controlled and stimu- Mannheim, Germany; revisited the United lated by certain finger manipulations, States in 1904. which would not only cause the blood to circulate freely, but would produce an equal distribution of the nerve forces. By this treatment the diseased part would be readjusted and would have "perfect freedom of motion of all the fluids, forces, and substances pertaining to life, thus reestablishing a condition known as health." Since the promulgation of this theory a tenant-colonel of Lamb's artillery reginumber of institutions for the training of practitioners have been founded in various sections of the country, principally in the West, where several States have placed osteopathy on the same legal basis as other schools of medicine.

Osterhaus, PETER JOSEPH, military officer; born in Coblentz, Germany, about 1820; served as an officer in the Prussian army; removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he entered the National service in 1861 as major of volunteers. He served under Lyon and Frémont in Missouri, commanding a brigade under the latter. He com

Oswald, ELEAZAR, military officer; born in England about 1755; came to America in 1770 or 1771; served under Arnold in the expedition against Ticonderoga and became his secretary; and at the siege of Quebec he commanded with great skill the forlorn hope after Arnold was wounded. In 1777 he was made lieu

ment, and for his bravery at the battle of Monmouth General Knox highly praised him. Soon after that battle he left the service and engaged in the printing and publishing business in Philadelphia, where he was made public printer. Oswald challenged General Hamilton to fight a duel in 1789, but the quarrel was adjusted. In business in England in 1792, he went to France, joined the French army, and commanded a regiment of artillery. He died in New York, Sept. 30, 1795.

manded a division in the battle of Pea Ridge, and greatly distinguished himself. In June, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, and, commanding a division, he helped to capture Arkansas late in January, 1863. He was in the campaign against Vicksburg and in northern Georgia, and

Oswegatchie Indian Mission. To insure the friendship of the Six Nations, Galissonière,

governor of Canada, in 1754 established an Indian mission on the southern bank of the St. Lawrence. For this work the Abbé Francis Piquet was chosen, and he selected the mouth of the Oswegatchie

for the station,

on the site of Ogdensburg, where he hoped to draw in SO many Iroquois converts as would bind all their kindred to the French alliance. By order of General Brown a redoubt was begun in 1812 at the site of old Fort Presentation, which was not finished when

Ogdensburg was attacked the second time their weakness through sickness and lack

by the British in 1813. See OGDENSBURG. of provisions (of which he was informed Oswego, a city and county seat of by spies), collected about 5,000 FrenchOswego co., N. Y.; now noted for its man- men, Canadians, and Indians at Frontenac ufactures and for its large shipments of (now Kingston), at the foot of Lake Ongrain and lumber; population in 1900, tario, crossed that lake, and appeared be

22,199. The following are among its fore Oswego in force on Aug. 11. He atpoints of historical interest: Governor tacked Fort Ontario, on the east side of Burnet, of New York, wisely concluding that it would be important for the English to get and maintain control of Lake Ontario, as well for the benefits of trade and the security of the friendship of the Six Nations as to frustrate the designs of the French to confine the English colonies to narrow limits, began to erect a tradinghouse at Oswego in 1722. This pleased the Indians, for they saw in the movement a promise of protection from incursions of the French. Soon afterwards, at a convention of governors and commissioners held at Albany, the Six Nations renounced their covenant of friendship with the English.

In 1756 Dieskau was succeeded by the Marquis de Montcalm, who, perceiving the delay of the English at Albany and

the river, commanded by Colonel Mercer, who, with his garrison, after a short but brave resistance, withdrew to an older fort on the west side of the stream. The English were soon compelled to surrender the fort. Their commander was killed, and on the 14th Montcalm received, as spoils of victory, 1,400 prisoners, a large quantity of ammunition and provisions and other stores, 134 pieces of artillery, and several vessels lying in the harbor. The Six Nations had never been well satisfied with the building of these forts by the English in the heart of their territory. To please them, Montcalm demolished the forts, and by this act induced the Six Nations to take a position of neutrality. The capture of this fort caused the English commander-in-chief to abandon all the expedi

tions he had planned for the campaign of the 7th the invaders withdrew, after hav1756.

During the winter and spring of 181314 the Americans and British prepared to make a struggle for the mastery of Lake Ontario. When the ice in Kingston Harbor permitted vessels to leave it, Sir James L. Yeo, commander of the British squadron in those waters, went out upon the lake with his force of about 3,000 land troops and marines. On May 5, 1814, he appeared off Oswego Harbor, which was defended by Fort Ontario, on a bluff on the east side of the river, with a garrison of about 300 men under Lieut.-Col. George E. Mitchell. Chauncey, not feeling strong enough to oppose Yeo, prudently remained with his squadron at Sackett's Harbor. The active cruising force of Sir James consisted of eight vessels, carrying an aggregate of 222 pieces of ordnance. To oppose these at Oswego was the schooner Growler, Captain Woolsey. She was in the river for the purpose of conveying guns and naval stores to Sackett's Harbor. To prevent her falling into the hands of the British, she was sunk, and a part of her crew, under Lieutenant Pearce, joined the garrison at the fort. The latter then mounted only six old guns, three of which were almost useless, because they had lost their trunnions. Mitchell's force was too small to defend both the fort and the village, on the west side of the river, so he pitched all his tents near the town and gathered his whole force into the fort. Deceived by the appearance of military strength at the village, the British proceeded to attack the fort, leaving the defenceless town unmolested. The land troops, in fifteen large boats, covered by the guns of the vessels, moved to the shore near the fort early in the afternoon. They were repulsed by a heavy cannon placed near the shore. The next day (May 6) the fleet again appeared, and the larger vessels of the squadron opened fire on the fort. The troops landed in the afternoon, and, after a sharp fight in the open field, the garrison retired, and the British took possession of the fort. The main object of the British was the seizure of naval stores at the falls of the Oswego River (now Fulton), and Mitchell, after leaving the fort, took position up the river for their defence. Early on the morning of

ing embarked the guns and a few stores found in Oswego, dismantled the fort, and burned the barracks. They also raised and carried away the Growler; also several citizens who had been promised protection and exemption from molestation. In this affair the Americans lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, sixty-nine men; the British lost nineteen killed and seventy-five wounded. See ONTARIO, LAKE, OPERATIONS ON.

Otis, ELWELL STEPHEN, military officer; born in Frederick City, Md., March 25, 1838; removed with his parents to Rochester, N. Y., early in life; graduated at the University of Rochester in 1858, and at the Harvard Law School in 1861. In the summer of 1862 he recruited in Rochester, N. Y., a company of the 140th New York

ELWELL STEPHEN OTIS.

Infantry, with which he served throughout the Civil War, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, Oct. 24, 1863. When the regular army was reorganized he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 22d Infantry, July 28, 1866; served against the Indians in 1867-81; established the school of cavalry and infantry at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., in 1881; and commanded it till 1885. He was promoted brigadiergeneral U. S. A., Nov. 28, 1893; appointed a major-general of volunteers, May 4,

WRITS OF ASSISTANCE (q. v.) called forth
popular discussion in 1761. He denounced
the writs in unmeasured terms.
At a

1898; succeeded Gen. Wesley Merritt as military governor of the Philippine Islands in August following; returned to the United States and was promoted town-meeting in Boston in 1761, when major-general, June 16, 1900; retired this government measure was discussed by March 25, 1902. He is the author of Mr. Gridley, the calm advocate of the The Indian Question. crown, and the equally calm lawyer Oxenbridge Thacher, the fiery Otis addressed the multitude with words that thrilled every heart in the audience and stirred every

Otis, GEORGE ALEXANDER, surgeon; born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 12, 1830; graduated at Princeton in 1849; appointed army surgeon in 1861; assigned to duty in the surgeon general's office, Washington, in 1866. Dr. Otis was the author of Report on Surgical Cases treated in the Army of the United States from 1867-71; Plans for the Transport of the Sick and Wounded, etc.; and was the compiler of the surgical portion of the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. He died in Washington. D. C.. Feb. 23, 1881.

JAMES OTIS.

Otis, HARRISON GRAY, statesman; born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1765; graduated at Harvard University in 1783, and was admitted to the bar in 1786, where his fine oratory and varied acquirements soon gained him much fame. In Shays's insurrection (see SHAYS, DANIEL) he was aide to Governor Brooks; served in the Massachusetts legislature; was member of Congress from 1797 to 1801; United States district attorney in 1801; speaker of the Assembly from 1803 to 1805; president of the State Senate from 1805 to 1811; judge of common pleas from 1814 to 1818; and mayor of Boston from 1829 to 1832. In 1814 he was a prominent member of the Hartford patriotic feeling of his hearers into earnest Convention, and wrote a series of letters action. Referring to the arbitrary power upon it. In 1804 he pronounced an elo- of the writ, he said, "A man's house is quent eulogy of General Hamilton. Many his castle; and while he is quiet, he is as of his occasional addresses have been pub- well guarded as a prince in his castle. lished. His father was Samuel Alleyn This writ, if it should be declared legal, Otis, brother of James. He died in Bos- would totally annihilate this privilege. ton, Oct. 28, 1848. Custom-house officers may enter our houses when they please; we are commanded to permit their entry. Their menial servants may enter-may break locks, bars, everything in their way; and whether they break through malice or revenge, no man, no court can inquire. . . . I am determined to sacrifice estate, ease, health, applause, and even life, to the sacred calls of my country, in opposition to a kind of power the exercise of which cost one king his head and another his throne." The same year he was chosen a representative in the Massachusetts Assembly, and there

Otis, JAMES, statesman; born in West Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 5, 1725; graduated at Harvard University in 1743, and studied law with Jeremiah Gridley. He began the practice of his profession at Plymouth, but settled in Boston in 1750, where he soon obtained a high rank as a lawyer and an advocate at the bar. Fond of literary pursuits, and a thorough classical scholar, he wrote and published Rudiments of Latin Prosody in 1760, which became a text-book at Harvard. He entered public life as a zealous patriot and gifted orator when the

in became a leader of the popular party. fore them concerning writs of assistance.