with a wild shout, sprang upon the foe with fixed bayonets. A sharp conflict ensued, when the Confederates gave way, and fled in great confusion down the declivities of the mountain to Pegram's camp. The battle lasted about an hour and a half. The number of Union troops engaged was about 1,800, and those of the Confederates half that number. The former lost 18 killed and about 40 wounded; the latter 140 killed and a large number wounded and made prisoners. Their entire loss was about 400. For his gallantry on this occasion, Rosecrans was made a brigadier-general. over the mountains. Meanwhile Rosecrans had entered Pegram's deserted camp, while the latter, dispirited and weary, with about 600 followers, was trying to escape. He surrendered to McClellan July 14. Ricketts, JAMES BREWERTON, military officer; born in New York City, June 21, 1817; graduated at West Point in 1839; served in the war against Mexico; and when the Civil War began was placed in command of the 1st Battery of rifled guns. He distinguished himself in the battle of Bull Run, where he was severely wounded, taken prisoner, and confined eight months in Richmond, when he was exchanged. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers; was in the second battle of Bull Run, in which he commanded a division of the Army of Virginia, and was wounded; and in the battle of Antietam he commanded General Hooker's corps after that officer was wounded. He was engaged in the campaign against Richmond from March until July, 1864, and in Garnett was a prey to the Nationals. In light marching order he pushed on towards Beverly, hoping to escape over the mountains towards Staunton. He was too late, for McClellan moved rapidly to Beverly. Garnett then turned back, and, taking a road through a gap at Leedsville, plunged into the wild mountain regions of the Cheat Range, taking with him only one cannon. His reserves at Beverly fled JAMES BREWERTON RICKETTS. the Shenandoah campaign from July until October, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general, United States army, for gallantry at Cedar Creek, and major-general for meritorious services through the war, and was retired because of wounds in 1867. He died in Washington, D. C., Sept. 22, 1887. Rideing, WILLIAM HENRY, editor; born in Liverpool, England, Feb. 17, 1853; has been connected with the Springfield Republican, New York Times, New York Tribune, and the Youth's Companion. He is the author of Pacific Railways Illustrated; A Saddle in the Wild West, etc. Ridpath, JOHN CLARK, author; born in Putnam county, Ind., April 26, 1841; graduated at the Asbury University in 1863. He is the author of Life of James A. Garfield; Life of James G. Blaine; Cyclopædia of Universal History; The Great Races of Mankind, etc., and many school-books. He died in New York City, July 31, 1900. Riedesel, BARON FREDERICK ADOLPH, military officer; born in Lauterbach, Rhine-Hesse, Germany, June 3, 1738. Leaving the College of Marburg, he entered the English army as ensign, and served in the Seven Years' War under Prince Ferdinand. In 1760 he became captain of the Hessian Hussars, and was made lieutenant-colonel of the Black Hussars in 1762, adjutant-general of the Brunswick army in 1767, colonel of carabineers in 1772, and a major-general, with the command of a division of 4,000 Brunswickers, hired by the British Court to fight British subjects in America early in 1776. Riedesel arrived at Quebec June 1, 1776; aided in the capture of Ticonderoga (July 6), and in dispersing the American troops at Hubbardton, and was made a prisoner with Burgoyne; was exchanged in the fall of 1780; returned home in August, 1783, and was made lieutenant-general in command of troops serving in Holland in 1787. He became commander-in-chief of the military of Brunswick. He died in Brunswick, Jan. 6, 1800. His Memoirs, Letters, and Journals in America, edited by Max Von Eelking, were translated by William L. Stone. His wife, FREDERICKA CHARLOTTE LOUISA, accompanied him to America, and wrote charming letters, and a journal, which were published in Boston in 1799, of which a translation was made by Mr. Stone. She was a daughter of the "Rights of Man,” the title of Thomas the British ministry for taxing the EngPaine's famous reply to Edmund Burke's lish-American colonists. It was written Reflections on the French Revolution. It by James Otis, of Boston, and produced was issued in England, and had an im- a profound sensation in America and in mense sale. It was translated into French, Great Britain. Its boldness, its logic, its and won for the author a seat in the eloquence, combined to make it a sort of French National Assembly. Thomas Jef- oriflamme for the patriots. In it Mr. ferson, then Secretary of State, had come Otis, while he contended for the charter from France filled with the radical ideas privileges of the colonists, did not admit of the French Revolutionists, and thought that the loss of their charters would dehe saw, in the coolness of the President prive them of their rights. He said: and others, a sign of decaying republi- "Two or three innocent colony charters canism in America. The essays of Adams, have been threatened with destruction entitled Discourses on Davila, disgusted one hundred and forty years past. . . . A him, and he believed that Adams, Hamil set of men in America, without honor or ton, Jay, and others were plotting for the love for their country, have been long establishment of a monarchy in the United grasping at powers which they think unStates. To thwart these fancied designs attainable while these charters stand in and to inculcate the doctrines of the the way. But they will meet with insurFrench Revolution, Jefferson hastily mountable obstacles to their project for printed in America, and circulated, Paine's Rights of Man, which had just been received from England. It was originally dedicated "to the President of the United States." It inculcated principles consonant with the feelings and opinions of the great body of the American people. The author sent fifty copies to Washington, who distributed them among his friends, but his official position admonished him to be prudently silent about the work, for it bore hard upon the British government. The American edition, issued from a Philadelphia press, contained a commendatory note from Mr. Jefferson, which had been privately written, and not intended for publication. In it he had aimed some severe observations against the author of the Discourses on Davila. This created much bitterness of feeling. Warm discussions arose. John Quincy Adams, son of the Vice-President, wrote a series of articles in reply to the Rights of Man, over the signature of "Publico." They were published in the Boston Centinel, and reprinted in pamphlet form, with the name of John Adams on the title-page, as it was supposed they were written by him. Several writers answered them. "A host of champions entered the arena immediately in your defence," Jefferson wrote to Paine. See INGERSOLL, ROBERT GREEN; PAINE, THOMAS. enslaving the British colonies, should those arising from provincial charters be removed. . . . Our forefathers were soon worn away in the toils of hard labor on their little plantations and in war with the savages. They thought they were earning a sure inheritance for their posterity. Could they imagine it would ever be thought just to deprive them or theirs of these charter privileges? Should this ever be the case, there are, thank God, natural, inherent, and inseparable rights, as men and citizens, that would remain after the so-much-wished for catastrophe, and which, whatever became of charters, can never be abolished, de jure or de facto, till the general conflagration." See OTIS, JAMES. Rights of the Colonists. See ADAMS, SAMUEL. Riis, JACOB AUGUST, journalist; born in Denmark, May 3, 1849; has been connected with the New York Sun and has been active in the movement for tenementhouse and school-house reform, and also for the making of small parks in the crowded districts of New York City. He is the author of How the Other Half Lives; The Children of the Poor, etc. Riker, JAMES, historian; born in New York City, May 11, 1822. He is the author of A Brief History of the Riker Family; The Annals of Newtown; Origin and "Rights of the British Colonies As- Early Annals of Harlem; The Indian Hisserted and Proved," the title of a tory of Tioga County, etc. He died in pamphlet in opposition to the scheme of Waverly, N. Y., in July, 1889. left 133 killed and wounded on the field. See MISSIONARY Ridge, Battle of. Riley, FORT, a fortification of the United States in Geary county, Kan., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 4 miles north- Ringgold, CADWALADER, naval officer; west of Junction City, the county seat. born in Washington county, Md., Aug. 20, A military post was established here in 1802; entered the navy as midshipman in 1853, and, under the name of Camp 1819; was retired by reason of ill-health Centre, because it was the geographical in 1855; and was recalled to the active centre of the United States, was garri- list and promoted captain in 1856. At soned in 1855. Later in the same year the the breaking out of the Civil War he was name was changed to its present one in ordered to the command of the Sabine honor of Gen. B. C. Riley. In 1887, under and engaged in blockading Southern ports an act of Congress, this army post was and in operations against some of them. entirely transformed, enlarged, and equip. He was retired in 1864, and promoted ped to accommodate a permanent school rear-admiral on the retired list in 1866. of instruction in drill and practice for He died in New York City, April 29, 1867. the cavalry and light artillery service of the United States. The post now occupies 21,000 acres, and on a conspicuous site is a monument to the memory of the officers and men killed in the battles of Wounded Knee and Drexel Mission, in South Dakota, in 1890, culminations of the Messiah craze. Riley, JAMES WHITCOMB, poet; born in Greenfield, Ind., in 1853; is the author of The Old Swimmin'-Hole; Rhymes of Childhood: Old-fashioned Roses, etc. Riots in the United States. The following is a list of some of the most important riots: Boston massacre. Doctor's mob," New York. 1770 1788 .1812, 1861 1837 1844 Astor Place riots in New York, growing ....July 12, 1871 der of David C. Hennessy, chief of Carnegie iron and steel Homestead, Pa. Strike six months; began.... . Feb. 25, 1893 Federal troops ordered to Chicago during the railway strikes beginning... June 26, 1894 Colorado State troops ordered out to suppress miners' riots in... 1903-04 See STRIKES. Ringgold, BATTLE OF. When, on Nov. 25, 1863, the Confederates retreated from Missionary Ridge towards Ringgold they destroyed the bridges behind them. Early the next morning, Sherman, Palmer, and Hooker were sent in pursuit. Both Sherman and Palmer struck a rear-guard of the fugitives late on the same day, and the latter captured three guns from them. At Greysville Sherman halted and sent Howard to destroy a large section of the railway which connected Dalton with Cleveland, and thus severed the communication between Bragg and Burnside. Hooker, meanwhile, had pushed on to Ringgold, Osterhaus leading, Geary following, and Cruft in the rear, making numerous prisoners of stragglers. At a deep Ripley, ELEAZAR WHEELOCK, military gorge General Cleburne, covering Bragg's officer; born in Hanover, N. H., April 15, retreat, made a stand, with guns well 1782; was a nephew of President Wheeposted. Hooker's guns had not yet come lock, of Dartmouth College; studied and up, and his impatient troops were per- practised law in Portland; was in the mitted to attack the Confederates with legislature of Massachusetts, and was small-arms only. A severe struggle en- chosen speaker of the Assembly in 1812. sued, and in the afternoon, when some of He was also State Senator. In March, Hooker's guns were in position and the 1813, he was appointed colonel of the 21st Confederates were flanked, the latter re- Infantry. He was active on the Northern treated. The Nationals lost 432 men, of frontier until appointed brigadier-general whom 65 were killed. The Confederates in the spring of 1814, when he took part in the events on the Niagara frontier. and was prominent in the BROOK FARM For his services during that campaign he ASSOCIATION (q. v.) In 1840-41 he was received from Congress the brevet of ma- associate editor with Ralph Waldo Emerjor-general and a gold medal. General son and Margaret Fuller of the Dial, the Ripley left the army in 1820; practised organ of the New England Transcendenlaw in Louisiana; was a member of the talists; and with Charles A. Dana, Parke State Senate; and was a member of Con- Godwin, and J. S. Dwight, of the Hargress from 1834 till his death in West binger, an advocate of socialism as proFeliciana, La., March 2, 1839. He was pounded by Fourier. From 1849 until his wounded in the battle at York, and in the death Mr. Ripley was the literary editor of sortie at Fort Erie he was shot through the New York Tribune. In conjunction the neck. These wounds caused his death. with Charles A. Dana, Dr. Ripley edited Ripley, EZRA, clergyman; born in Appleton's New American Cyclopædia (16 Woodstock, Conn., May 1, 1751; graduated volumes, 1857-63), and a new edition at Harvard in 1776; ordained in 1778. (1873-76). He died in New York City, In a pamphlet entitled A History of the July 4, 1880. Fight at Concord, he proved that though the enemy had fired first at Lexington, the Americans fired first in Concord, his own town. He died in Concord, Mass., Sept. 21, 1841. Ripley, GEORGE, editor; born in Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 1802; was an able writer and a most industrious man of letters, having edited, translated, and written numerous works on a great variety of subjects, and gained a wide reputation as a scholar, editor, and journalist. He graduated at Harvard University in 1823, and Cambridge Divinity School in 1826; became pastor of the Thirteenth Congregational (Unitarian) Church in Boston; GEORGE RIPLEY. Ripley, JAMES WOLFE, soldier; born in Windham, Conn., Dec. 10, 1794; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1814; served in the War of 1812, participating in the defence of Sackett's Harbor. During the Seminole War he was engaged in the capture of Pensacola and San Carlos de Barrancas. He received the brevet of brigadier-general in 1861, and later was promoted to full rank. He died in Hartford, Conn., March 16, 1870. Ripley, ROSWELL SABINE, soldier; born in Worthington, O., March 14, 1823; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1843; served in the Mexican and Civil wars, and in 1861 was appointed brigadier-general. He published, in 1849, a History of the Mexican War. He died in New York City, March 26, 1887. Rittenhouse, DAVID, astronomer; born in Roxboro, Pa., April 8, 1732; was of German descent. His great-grandfather established at Germantown, in 1690, the first paper-mill in America. Accidentally falling in with instruments and mathematical books of a deceased uncle while working on his father's farm, David had mastered Newton's Principia and independently discovered the methods of fluxions before he was nineteen years of age. He early became a skilful mechanic, and, at the age of twenty-three, planned and constructed an orrery, which was purchased by Princeton College. He afterwards constructed a larger and more perfect one for the University of Pennsylvania. In 1763 he was employed in determining the MASON AND DIXON'S LINE (q. v.), and afterwards fixed other State boundaries. In 1769 the American Philo |