destroying the Oregon. Captain Clark stitutional Association, which was the notified the Brazilian authorities that if means of bringing about the reforms in the Temerario entered the harbor with the constitution of the State of New York hostile intention, she would be attacked; in 1846. When the Civil War broke out and at the same time left orders with the he was one of the most active promoters commander of the United States cruiser of measures for the preservation of the Marietta to keep a search-light on the Union, and was secretary of the Society entrance to the harbor, and in case the for Promoting the Enlistment of Colored Temerario appeared, to notify her com- Troops. He originated, in 1867, an ormander that if she approached within half ganized movement for reforming and a mile of the Oregon she would be cheapening the operations of the railroad destroyed. In the battle of Santiago the system of the United States. He was auspeed of the Oregon enabled her to thor of Sketches of Rochester, with Notake a front position in the chase in tices of Western New York, and Ameriwhich she forced the Cristobal Colon to can Political Anti-Masonry. He died in run ashore to avoid destruction from Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1886. the Oregon's 13-inch shells. Probably O'Reilly, JOHN BOYLE, author; born in the presence of the Oregon prevented Dowth Castle, Ireland, June 28, 1844; bethe escape of the Colon and, perhaps, the Vizcaya. After the conclusion of peace the Oregon was ordered from New York to Manila. came a Fenian, and was sentenced to death for high treason, but sentence was commuted to transportation. He escaped from Australia in 1869, was picked up on the high seas by an American ship and taken to America. He was editor and proprietor of the Boston Pilot. He died in Boston, Mass., Aug. 10, 1890. Original Package. Dealers in spirituous liquors claimed the right of importing such articles in original packages into States which had prohibitory laws. The United States Supreme Court in 1890 held that they had such power, as Congress alone could control inter - State traffic. Congress then passed an act giving the States control, even though such merchandise was imported in the original package. Oregon Boundary. See OREGON. O'Reilly, HENRY, journalist; born in Carrickmacross, Ireland, Feb. 6, 1806. His father emigrated to America in 1816, and soon afterwards this son was apprenticed to the publisher of the New York Columbian (newspaper) to learn the art of printing. The Columbian was a stanch advocate of the Erie Canal, and a political supporter of De Witt Clinton as its able champion. The mind of the apprentice was thus early impressed with the importance of measures for the development of the vast resources of the United States. At the age of seventeen years he became Oriskany, BATTLE OF. Brant, the Moassistant editor of the New York Patriot, hawk chief, came from Canada in the the organ of the People's party, which spring of 1777, and in June was at the elected De Witt Clinton governor of New head of a band of Indian marauders on York in 1824. When, in 1826, Luther the upper waters of the Susquehanna. Tucker & Co. established the Rochester Brig.-Gen. Nicholas Herkimer was at the Daily Advertiser, O'Reilly was chosen its editor, but after four years he retired. He resumed editorial work there in 1831. In 1834 he wrote the first memorial presented to the legislature and the canal board, in favor of rebuilding the failing structures of the Erie Canal. He then proposed a plan for the enlargement of the canal, and was chairman of the committee appointed by the first Canal Enlargement Association in 1837. In 1838 he was appointed postmaster of Rochester, and afterwards engaged in journalism. head of the militia of Tryon county, N. Y., and was instructed by General Schuyler to watch and check the movements of the Mohawk chief, whose presence had put an end to the neutrality of his tribe and of other portions of the Six Nations. Hearing of the siege of Fort Schuyler by Colonel St. Leger (Aug. 3), Herkimer gathered a goodly number of Tryon county militia, and marched to the relief of the garrison. He and his little army were marching in fancied security on the morning of Aug. 6 at Oriskany, a few miles He was the originator of the State Con- west of the present city of Utica, when Tories and Indians from St. Leger's camp, lying in ambush, fell upon the patriots at all points with great fury. Herkimer's rear-guard broke and fled; the remainder bravely sustained a severe conflict for GENERAL HERKIMER'S RESIDENCE. more than an hour. General Herkimer had a horse shot dead under him, and the bullet that killed the animal shattered his own leg below the knee. Sitting on his saddle at the foot of a beech-tree, he continued to give orders. A thunder-shower caused a lull in the fight, and then it was renewed with greater vigor, when the Indians, hearing the sound of firing in the direction of Fort Schuyler, fled to the deep woods in alarm, and were soon followed by the Tories and Canadians. The pa Orleans, FRANÇOIS FERDINAND LOUIS MARIE, PRINCE DE JOINVILLE, son of Louis Philippe, King of the French; born in Neuilly, Aug. 14, 1818; came to the United States in 1861, and with his two nephews, the Count of Paris and the Duke of Chartres, served on the staff of General McClellan for a year, when they returned to France. His son, the Duke of Penthièvre, was at the same time a cadet in the Naval Academy at Annapolis. He wrote La Guerre d'Amérique; Campagne du Potomac; etc. He died in Paris, France, June 17, 1900. Orleans, LOUIS PHILIPPE, COUNT OF PARIS; born in Paris, Aug. 24, 1838; served on General McClellan's staff (186162); wrote a History of the Civil War in America, which has been translated into English and published in the United States (4 volumes). He died in London, England, Sept. 8, 1894. Louisiana, by Orleans, TERRITORY OF. act of Congress, was divided into two territories, the southern one being called Orleans Territory. The line between them was drawn along the thirty-third parallel of north latitude. This territory then possessed a population of 50,000 souls, of whom more than half were negro slaves. Refugee planters from Santo Domingo had introduced the sugar-cane into that region, and the cultivation of cotton was beginning to be successful. So large were the products of these industries that the planters enjoyed immense incomes. The white inhabitants were principally French Creoles, descendants of the original French colonists. Orne, AZOR, military officer; born in triots remained masters of the field, and Marblehead, Mass., July 22, 1731; was a their brave commander was removed to successful merchant and an active patriot, his home, where he died from loss of a member of the Massachusetts Provincial blood, owing to unskilful surgery. See Congress, and long one of the committee HERKIMER, NICHOLAS. Orleans, DUKE OF, son of "Philippe Egalité," was in the French Revolutionary army, but becoming involved with Dumouriez in 1793; fled from France to Switzerland; and in 1796 came to America, where he travelled extensively, visiting Washington at Mount Vernon in 1797. He was elected King of the French in 1830, and reigned until his abdication in 1848. He died in Claremont, England, Aug. 26, 1850. of safety. In organizing the militia, and in collecting arms and ammunition, he was very active. In January, 1776, he was appointed one of the three Massachusetts major-generals, but did not take the field. For many years he was a member of the State Senate and council of Massachusetts, and was a zealous advocate of education. He died in Boston, June 6, 1796. O'Rorke, PATRICK HENRY, military officer; born in County Cavan, Ireland, March 25, 1837; came to the United States in 1842; graduated at West Point in 1861; served on the staff of Gen. Daniel Tyler, and afterwards on that of Gen. Thomas W. Sherman. In 1862 he was appointed colonel of the 140th New York Volunteers, and in the Chancellorsville campaign temporarily commanded a brigade. At the battle of Gettysburg, July 2, 1863, he charged at the head of his men at Little Round Top, and was killed as he reached the top of the hill. Orr, ALEXANDER ECTOR, merchant; born in Strabane, Ireland, March 2, 1831; came to the United States in 1851; has been president of the New York Produce Exchange and of the New York Chamber of Commerce several times; president of the New York Rapid Transit Commission. Orr, JAMES LAWRENCE, statesman; born in Craytonville, S. C., May 12, 1822; graduated at the University of Virginia in 1842; became a lawyer at Anderson, S. C.; and edited a newspaper there in 1843. After serving in the State legislature, he became a member of Congress in 1849, and remained such by re-election until 1859. He was speaker of the Thirtyfifth Congress. In the South Carolina convention of Dec. 20, 1860, he voted for seces sion, and was appointed one of three commissioners to treat with the national government for the surrender of the United States forts in Charleston Harbor to the Confederates. He was a Confederate Senator from 1862 to 1865, and provisional governor of South Carolina from 1866 to 1868, under the appointment of the President. He afterwards acted with the Republican party, and in 1870 was made judge of the United States circuit court. In 1873 he was appointed United States minister to Russia, and died soon after his arrival there, May 5. Orr, JOHN WILLIAM, artist; born in Ireland, March 31, 1815; came to the United States with his parents while a child; studied wood-engraving and materially advanced the art. He died in Jersey City, N. J., March 4, 1887. Orth, GODLOVE STONER, statesman; born in Lebanon, Pa., April 22, 1817; admitted to the bar in 1839, practising in Indiana. He was elected State Senator in 1842; member of Congress in 1863, serving till 1871; re-elected to Congress in 1873. He favored the annexation of Santo Do mingo in 1868; and was the author of the Orth" bill which regulated the United States diplomatic and consular system. In 1875 he was appointed minister to Austria. He died in Lafayette, Ind., Dec. 16, 1882. Ortiz, JUAN. Soon after De Soto entered Florida he was met by a Spaniard who was a captive among the Indians. He had been captured when on the expedition with Narvaez, and preparations had been made to sacrifice him. He was bound hand and foot and laid upon a scaffold, under which a fire was kindled to roast him alive. The flames were about reaching his flesh when a daughter of Ucita, the chief, besought her father to spare his life, saying, "If he can do no good, he can do no harm." Though greatly incensed by the conduct of the Spaniards, Ucita granted the petition of his daughter, and Ortiz was lifted from the scaffold, and thenceforth was the slave of the chief. Three years later Ucita was defeated in battle; and, believing that the sparing of Ortiz had brought the misfortune upon him, resolved to sacrifice the young Spaniard. The daughter of Ucita again saved his life. She led him at night beyond the bounds of her father's village, and directed him to the camp of the chief who had defeated Ucita, knowing that he would protect the Christian. When, years afterwards, he was with some hostile Indians fighting De Soto, and a horseman was about to slay him, he cried out, “Don't kill me, I am a Christian." The astonishel Castilians stayed their firing, and Ortiz became of great use to De Soto as an interpreter. Orton, EDWARD, geologist; born in Deposit, N. Y., March 9, 1829; graduated at Hamilton College in 1848; became State geologist of Ohio in 1869; president of the Ohio State University, 1873-81. He was the author of Geology of Ohio; Petroleum, in United States Geological Reports; etc. He died in Columbus, O., Oct. 16, 1899. Osage Indians. In 1825 a treaty was made at St. Louis by Gen. William Clark with the Great and Little Osage Indians for all their lands in Arkansas and elsewhere. These lands were ceded to the United States in consideration of an annual payment of $7,000 for twenty years, and an immediate contribution of 600 head of cattle, 600 hogs, 1,000 fowls, 10 yoke of oxen, 6 carts, with farming uten CHIEF OSCEOLA sils, and other provisions similar to those in the treaty with the Kansas Indians. It was also agreed to provide a fund for the support of schools for the benefit of the Osage children. Provision was made for a missionary establishment; also for the United States to assume the payment of certain debts due from Osage chiefs to those of other tribes, and to deliver to the Osage villages, as soon as possible, $4,000 in merchandise and $2,600 in horses and their equipments. In 1899 the Osage Indians numbered 1,761, and were located in Oklahoma. Osborn, HERBERT, scientist; born in Lafayette, Wis., March 19, 1856; graduated at Iowa State College in 1879; State entomologist of Iowa in 1898; connected with the United States Department of Agriculture, 1885-94; member of many scientific societies. Osceola (Black Drink), Seminole Indian chief; born on the Chattahoochee River, Ga., in 1804; was a half- breed, a son of Willis Powell, an Englishman and trader, by a Creek Indian woman. In 1808 his mother settled in Florida, and when he grew up he became by eminent ability the governing spirit of the Seminoles. In all their sports he was foremost, and was always independent and self-possessed. From the beginning Osceola opposed the removal of the Seminoles from Florida, and he led them in a war which began in 1835 and continued about seven years. Treacherously seized while under the protection of a flag of truce, Oct. 22, 1837, he was sent to Fort Moultrie, where he was prostrated by grief and wasted by a fever, and finally died, Jan. 30, 1838. A monument was Ostend Manifesto. In July, 1853, erected to his memory near the main entrance-gate of Fort Moultrie. His loss was a severe blow to the Seminoles, who continued the war feebly four or five years longer. Osgood, HELEN LOUISE GIBSON, philanthropist; born in Boston about 1835. Left an orphan, she was well educated by her guardian, Francis B. Fay, of Chelsea, and was endowed with talents for music and conversation. She was among the first to organize soldiers' aid societies when the Civil War began, and provided work for the wives and daughters of soldiers who needed employment. Early in 1862 she went to the army as a nurse, where her gentleness of manner and executive ability made her eminently successful. She administered relief and consolation to thousands of the wounded, and organized and conducted for many months a hospital for 1,000 patients of the sick and wounded of the colored soldiers of the Army of the Potomac. In 1866 she was married to Mr. Osgood, a fellow-laborer among the soldiers, but her constitution had been overtasked, and she died a martyr to the great cause, in Newton Centre, Mass., April 20, 1868. Osgood, SAMUEL, statesman; born in Andover, Mass., Feb. 14, 1748; graduated at Harvard University in 1770; studied theology, and became a merchant. An active patriot, he was a member of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts and of various committees; was a captain at Cambridge in 1775, and aide to General Artemas Ward, and became a member of the Massachusetts board of war. He left the army in 1776 with the rank of colonel, and served in his provincial and State legislature. He was a member of Congress from 1780 to 1784; first commissioner of the United States treasury from 1785 to 1789, and United States Postmaster-General from 1789 to 1791. He afterwards served in the New York legislature, and was speaker of the Assembly from 1801 to 1803. From 1803 until his death, in New York City, Aug. 12, 1813, he was naval officer of the port of New York. Mr. Osgood was well versed in science and literature. Ossawatomie Brown. JOHN. William L. Marcy, the Secretary of State, wrote to Pierre Soulé, American minister at Madrid, directing him to urge upon the Spanish government the sale or cession of Cuba to the United States. Nothing more was done until after the affair of the Black Warrior in the winter of 1854. In April, 1854, Mr. Soulé was instructed and clothed with full power to negotiate for the purchase of the island. In August the Secretary suggested to Minister Buchanan in London, Minister Mason at Paris, and Minister Soulé at Madrid the propriety of holding a conference for the purpose of adopting measures for a concert of action in aid of negotiations with Spain. They accordingly met at Ostend, a sea port town in Belgium, Oct. 9, 1854. After a session of three days they adjourned to Aix-la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia, and thence they addressed a letter, Oct. 18, to the United States government embodying their views. In it they suggested that an earnest effort to purchase Cuba ought to be immediately made at a price not to exceed $120,000,C00, and that the proposal should be laid before the Spanish Cortes about to assemble. They set forth the great advantage that such a transfer of political jurisdiction would be to all parties concerned; that the oppression of the Spanish authorities in Cuba would inevitably lead to insurrection and civil war; and, in conclusion, recommended that, in the event of the absolute refusal of Spain to sell the island, it would be proper to take it away from its "oppressors" by force. In that event, the ministers said, we should be justified by every law, human and divine, in wresting it from Spain, if we possess the power." President Pierce did not think it prudent to act upon the advice of these ministers, and Mr. Soulé, dissatisfied with his prudence, resigned his office. See SOULÉ, PIERRE, Osteopathy, a method by which diseases of the human body are treated without medicines. In 1874 Dr. A. T. Still, of Baldwin, Kan., discovered what he declared a more natural system of healing than that universally accepted. He held that inasmuch as the human body was so See BROWN, perfectly constructed it ought without any external aid excepting food to protect itself |