of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory. the federal debts contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the ART. 2. The inhabitants of the said ter- expenses of government, to be apportioned ritory shall always be entitled to the ben- on them by Congress according to the efits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of same common rule and measure by which the trial by jury; of a proportionate rep- apportionments thereof shall be made on resentation of the people in the legislat- the other States; and the taxes, for paying ure; and of judicial proceedings according their proportion, shall be laid and levied to the course of the common law. All per- by the authority and direction of the legissons shall be bailable, unless for capital latures of the district or districts, or new offences, where the proof shall be evident States, as in the original States, within or the presumption great. All fines shall the time agreed upon by the United States be moderate; and no cruel or unusual pun- in Congress assembled. The legislatures ishments shall be inflicted. No man shall of those districts or new States shall be deprived of his liberty or property but never interfere with the primary disposal by the judgment of his peers or the law of of the soil by the United States in Conthe land; and, should the public exi- gress assembled, nor with any regulations gencies make it necessary, for the common Congress may find necessary for securing preservation, to take any person's prop- the title in such soil to the bona fide purerty, or to demand his particular services, chasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands full compensation shall be made for the the property of the United States; and, same. And, in the just preservation of in no case, shall non-resident proprietors rights and property, it is understood and be taxed higher than residents. The declared that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud, previously formed. ART. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carryingplaces between the same, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. ART. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The Western State in the said territory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post St. Vincent's, due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada; and, by the said territorial line, ART. 4. The said territory, and the to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. States which may be formed therein, shall The middle State shall be bounded by the forever remain a part of this confederacy said direct line, the Wabash from Post of the United States of America, subject Vincent's, to the Ohio; by the Ohio, by a to the Articles of Confederation, and to direct line, drawn due north from the such alterations therein as shall be con- mouth of the Great Miami, to the said terstitutionally made; and to all the acts ritorial line, and by the said territorial and ordinances of the United States in line. The Eastern State shall be bounded Congress assembled, comformable thereto. by the last-mentioned direct line, the The inhabitants and settlers in the said Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territerritory shall be subject to pay a part of torial line: Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, that the province of Massachusetts. In 1788 the boundaries of these three States shall be Secretary of War called the attention of subject so far to be altered, that, if Con- Congress to the fact that there were in gress shall hereafter find it expedient, the arsenals of the United States "two they shall have authority to form one or brass cannon, which constituted one two States in that part of the said terri- moiety of the field artillery with which tory which lies north of an east and the late war was commenced on the part west line drawn through the southerly of the Americans." Congress by resolubend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And, tion directed the Secretary to have suitable whenever any of the said States shall inscriptions placed on them; and, as they have 60,000 free inhabitants therein, such belonged to Massachusetts, he was inState shall be admitted, by its delegates, structed to deliver them to the order of into the Congress of the United States, on the governor of that State. The two an equal footing with the original States cannon belonging to citizens of Boston in all respects whatever, and shall be at were inscribed, respectively, "The Hanliberty to form a permanent constitution cock, Sacred to Liberty," and "The and State government: Provided, the Adams, Sacred to Liberty"; with the constitution and government so to be additional words on each, "These were formed, shall be republican, and in con- used in many engagements during the formity to the principles contained in war." these articles; and, so far as it can Ordnance Department, a bureau of be consistent with the general inter- the War Department, under the direction est of the confederacy, such admission of a chief of ordnance. The duties of the shall be allowed at an earlier period, department consist in providing, preserv and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than 60,000. ART. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; Provided, always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that the resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby repealed, and declared null and void. ing, distributing, and accounting for every description of artillery, small- arms, and all the munitions of war which may be required for the fortifications of the country, the armies in the field, and for the whole body of the militia of the Union. In these duties are comprised that of determining the general principles of construction, and of prescribing in detail the models and forms of all military weapons employed in war. They comprise also the duty of prescribing the regulations for the inspection of all these weapons, for maintaining uniformity and economy in their "fabrication, for insuring their quality, and for their preservation and distribution. Ordnance Survey. See Coast Survey. Oregon, STATE OF. The history of this State properly begins with the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia River by Captain Gray, of Boston, in the ship Done by the United States, in Congress Columbia, May 7, 1792, who gave the assembled, the 13th day of July, in name of his vessel to that river. His rethe year of our Lord 1787, and of port caused President Jefferson to send their independence the twelfth. the explorers LEWIS and CLARKE (qq. v.) See NORTHWESTERN TERRITORY, THE. across the continent to the Pacific (1804Ordnance. The whole train of artil- 6). In 1811 John J. Astor and others lery possessed by the English-American established a fur-trading post at the colonies when the war for independence mouth of the Columbia River, and called broke out (April 19, 1775) was com- it Astoria. The British doctrine, always posed of four field-pieces, two belonging practised and enforced by them, that the to citizens of Boston, and two to the entrance of a vessel of a civilized nation, that each nation should equally enjoy the privileges of all the bays and harbors on that coast for ten years. This agreement was renewed, in 1827, for an indefinite time, with the stipulation that either party might rescind it by giving the other party twelve months' notice. This notice was given by the United States in 1846, and also a proposition to adjust the question by making the boundary on the parallel of 49°. This was rejected by the British, who claimed the whole of Oregon. The President then directed the proposition of compromise to be withdrawn, and the title of the United States to the whole territory of 54° 40' N. lat. to be asserted. The question at one time threatened war between the two nations, but it was finally settled by a treaty negotiated at Washington, June 15, 1846, by James Buchanan on the part of the United States and Mr. Pakenham for Great Britain, by which the boundary-line was fixed at 49° N. lat. for the first time, into the mouth of a river, gives title, by right of discovery, to the territory drained by that river and its tributaries, clearly gave to the Americans the domain to the lat. of 54° 40' N., for the discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray, in 1792, was not disputed. In 1818 it was mutually agreed In 1833 immigration to this region, don the country. Major-General Wool, stationed at San Francisco, went to Portland, Ore., and there organized a cam had formed a powerful combination, but Wool brought hostilities to a close during the summer of 1856. The bad conduct of Indian agents, and possibly encouragement given the Indians by employés of the Hudson Bay Company, were the chief causes of the trouble. overland, began, and in 1850 many thousands had reached Oregon; but very soon many of the settlers were drawn to California by the gold excitement there. To paign against the Indians. The latter encourage immigration the Congress, in 1850, passed the "donation law," giving to every man who should settle on land there before Dec. 1 of that year 320 acres of land, and to his wife a like number of acres; also, to every man and his wife who should settle on such land between Dec. 1, 1850, and Dec. 1, 1853, 160 acres of land each. Under this law 8,000 claims were registered in Oregon. Settlers in Oregon and in Washington Territory, in 1855, suffered much from Indians, who went in bands to murder and plunder the white people. The savages were so well organized at one time that it was thought the white settlers would be compelled to aban In 1841 the first attempt to organize a government was made. In 1843 an executive and legislative committee was established; and in 1845 the legislative committee framed an organic law which the settlers approved, and this formed the basis of a provisional government until 1848, when Congress created the Territory of Oregon, which comprised all the United States territory west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains and north of the fortysecond parallel. The territorial government went into operation on March 3, 1849, with Joseph Lane as governor. In 1853 Washington Territory was organized, and took from Oregon all its domain north of the Columbia River. In 1857 a convention framed a State constitution for Oregon, which was ratified, in November of that year, by the people. By the act of Feb. 14, 1859, Oregon was admitted into the Union as a State, with its present limits. Many Indian wars have troubled Oregon, the last one of importance being the Modoc War, 1872-73 (see MODOC INDIANS). Population in 1890, 313,767; in 1900, 413,536. See UNITED STATES, OREGON, in vol. ix. TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. ....... STATE GOVERNORS. Lafayette Grover..... assumes office. John Whiteaker.. S. F. Chadwick. W. W. Thayer.... Zenas Ferry Moody... Sylvester Pennoyer, Dem.. assumes office. 66 Oregon, battle-ship; carries four 13inch guns, eight 8-inch, four 6-inch, and thirty-one rapid-fire machine guns. At the outbreak of hostilities with Spain, the Ore1845 gon was ordered from San Francisco, where 1849 she was built, to the Atlantic coast. She 1853 left San Francisco March 19, and arrived at Callao, Peru, April 4, where she took on 1854 coal; reached Sandy Point April 18, and again took on coal; reached Rio de Janeiro April 30, Bahia May 8, Barbadoes May 18, and Jupiter Inlet, Florida, 1866 May 24. The entire distance run was ...Feb. 1, 1877 14,706 knots, at an expenditure of 4,155 1878 tons of coal. While in Rio de Janeiro, Jan 1, 1887 Captain Clark received word that the 1895 Spanish torpedo-boat Temerario had sailed 1903 from Montevideo with the intention of 1859 1862 1870 1882 1899 UNITED STATES BATTLE-SHIP OREGON, |