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QUAKERS QUAY

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Quarantine Law, FIRST. A profitable trade had been opened between Massachusetts and Barbadoes and other West

ciety in Philadelphia, whose names were sharply did Keith criticise the shortcomgiven. It was done, Aug. 28, 1777, and ings of his co-religionists that he was disJohn Fisher, Abel James, James Pember- owned by the Yearly Meeting, when he ton, Henry Drinker, Israel Pemberton, forthwith instituted a meeting of his own, John Pemberton, John James, Samuel to which he gave the name of "Christian Pleasants, Thomas Wharton, Sr., Thomas Quakers." A Testimony of Denial was Fisher, and Samuel Fisher, leading mem- put forth against Keith, who replied in a bers, were banished to Fredericksburg, Va. published address, in which he handled The reason given by Congress for this act his adversaries without mercy. The Quakwas that when the enemy were pressing er magistrates fined him for insolence," on towards Philadelphia in December, and William Bradford, the only printer 1777, a certain seditious publication, ad- in the colony, was called to account for dressed "To our Friends and Brethren in having published Keith's address. He was Religious Profession in these and the ad- discharged, but was so annoyed that he jacent Provinces," signed John Pember- removed his printing business to New ton, in and on behalf of the "Meeting of York. Sufferings," held in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1776, had been widely circulated among Friends throughout the States. At the same time the Congress instructed the India islands, when, in the summer of board of war to send to Fredericksburg 1647, there was a wasting epidemic in those John Penn, the governor, and Benjamin islands, carrying off 6,000 people in BarChew, chief-justice of Pennsylvania, for badoes, and nearly as many in the other safe custody. While the British army was islands, proportionably to their population. in Philadelphia in 1778, Joseph Galloway, The General Court of Massachusetts, on an active Tory, and others employed John hearing of the disease, published an order Roberts and Abraham Carlisle, members that all vessels which should come from of the Society of Friends, as secret agents the West Indies should stay at the Castle in detecting foes to the British govern- at the entrance to the harbor, and not ment. Carlisle was a sort of inquisitor- land any passengers or goods without ligeneral, watching at the entrances to the cense from three of the council, under a city, pointing out and causing the arrest penalty of $500. A like penalty was im of Whigs, who were first cast into prison posed upon any person visiting such quarand then granted permission to pass the antined vessel without permission. A simlines. Both Roberts and Carlisle acted as ilar order was sent to Salem and other guides to British expeditions when they ports. The nature of the epidemic is not went out of Philadelphia to fall upon and known, but yellow fever has been alleged. massacre their countrymen. These facts Quartering Act. A clause inserted in being laid before Congress, that body the British mutiny act in 1765 authorcaused the arrest of Roberts and Car- ized the quartering of troops upon the lisle. They were tried, found guilty, and English-American colonies. By a special hanged. enactment known as the quartering Quakers, CHRISTIAN. In 1692 there act," the colonies in which they were was a schism among the Friends, or stationed were required to find quarters, Quakers, in Pennsylvania, caused by the firewood, bedding, drink, soap, and canaction of George Keith, a Scotch Friend, dles. formerly surveyor of east Jersey, and at Quay, MATTHEW STANLEY, legislator; this time master of the Friends' school born in Dillsbury, Pa., Sept. 30, 1833; at Philadelphia. He was a champion of graduated at Jefferson College in 1850; the Quakers against Cotton Mather and admitted to the bar in 1854; became lieuthe Boston ministers. He pressed the tenant in the 10th Pennsylvania Reserves doctrine of non-resistance to its logical in 1861; promoted colonel of the 134th conclusion, that this principle was not Pennsylvania Volunteers in August, 1862; consistent with the exercise of political member of the Pennsylvania legislature in authority. He also attacked negro slavery 1864-66; secretary of the commonwealth as inconsistent with those principles. So in 1872-78; and was elected United States

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Senator in 1887, 1893, and 1901. In 1889 April 21, 1889, Governor Stone issued to he was indicted for alleged misappropria- Mr. Quay a recess appointment certificate, tion of public funds, but was acquitted, but this was not accepted by the Senate, after a sensational hearing, April 21. The which, on April 24, 1900, declared the cresame year he was a candidate for re-elec- dentials offered invalid. On Jan. 15, 1901, tion to the United States Senate; the the legislature elected him for the remainlegislature got into a deadlock, and ad- der of the term ending March 4, 1905. He journed without making a choice. On died in Beaver, Pa., May 28, 1904.

QUEBEC

Quebec. The New England colonies and 7,000 men. When the ships arrived at New York formed a bold design, in 1690, the mouth of the St. Lawrence, after loiterto subject Canada to the crown of Eng- ing by the way, they were overtaken by a land. An armament was fitted out for storm and thick fog. They were in a operations by sea and land. The naval perilous place among rocks and shoals. arm of the service was placed under the Walker's New England pilots, familiar command of Sir William Phipps, who, with the coast, told him so; but he without charts or pilots, crawled cautious- haughtily rejected their information, and ly along the shores around Acadia and up relied wholly on French pilots, who were the St. Lawrence, consuming nine weeks interested in deceiving him. On the night on the passage. A swift Indian runner of Sept. 2 his fleet was driving on the had carried news of the expedition from shore. Just as the admiral was going Pemaquid to Frontenac, at Montreal, in to bed, the captain of his flag-ship came time to allow him to hasten to Quebec down to him and said, "Land is in sight; and strengthen the fortifications there. we are in great danger." He did not bePhipps did not arrive until Oct. 5. Im- lieve it. Presently a provincial captain mediate operations were necessary on ac- rushed down and exclaimed, "For the count of the lateness of the season. He Lord's sake, come on deck, or we shall sent a flag demanding the instant surren- be lost!" Leisurely putting on his gown der of the city and fortifications. His and slippers, the admiral ascended to the summons was treated with disdain. After deck and saw the imminent peril. His being prevented from landing near the city orders given to secure safety were too by a gale, he debarked a large body of his late. The vessels were driven on the troops at the Isle of Orleans, about 3 miles rocks, and eight of them were lost. In below the town, where they were attack- the disaster almost 1,000 men perished. ed by the French and Indians. There the At a council of war held a few days afterEnglish remained until the 11th, when wards, it was determined to abandon the a deserter gave them such an account of expedition, and Nicholson, with his ships, the strength of Quebec that Phipps aban- returned to England, while the troops doned the enterprise, hastily re-embarked were sent to Boston. The arrogant Walkhis troops, and crawled back to Bos- er actually claimed credit for himself in ton with his whole fleet, after it had been retreating, falsely charging the disaster dispersed by a tempest. to the New England pilots, and saying: "Had we arrived safe at Quebec, ten or twelve thousand men must have been left to perish with cold and hunger; by the loss of a part, Providence saved all the rest." His government did not reward him for helping Providence. Governor Vaudreuil, at Montreal, advised of the movement, had sent out Jesuit missionaries and other agents to gather Indian allies, and, hastening to Quebec, strengthened the fortifications there. So enthusi

After the reduction of Port Royal, in 1711, Colonel Nicholson went again to England to solicit an expedition against Canada. The ministry acceded to his proposal, and a sufficient armament was ordered for the grand enterprise. Nichol son hastened back, gave notice to the colonies, and prepared for the invasion of Canada by sea and land. Admiral Walker commanded the fleet of sixty-eight vessels of war and transports, bearing about

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astic were the people in preparing for defence that women worked on the forts.

8,000 troops, in transports, under a convoy of twenty-two line-of-battle ships and as Another expedition for the capture of many frigates and smaller armed vessels, Quebec was fitted out in the spring of commanded by Admirals Holmes and 1759, and placed under the command of Saunders. On June 27 he landed his Gen. James Wolfe, then only thirty-three troops on the Isle of Orleans. Quebec ocyears of age. He left Louisburg with cupied a strong position for defence

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plateau, called the Plains of Abraham. The upper town was surrounded by a fortified wall. At the mouth of the St. Charles the French had moored several floating batteries, and, apprised of the expedition, had taken vigorous measures to strengthen the port. Beyond the St. Charles, and between it and the Montmorency, a river which enters the St. Lawrence a few miles below Quebec, lay Montcalm's army, almost equal in numbers to that of Wolfe, but composed largely of

NEAR THE PLACE WHERE WOLFE LANDED.

south side of the St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec, was Point Levi, occupied by some French troops. This post Wolfe seized (July 30) without much opposition, on which he erected batteries. From there he hurled hot shot upon the city, which destroyed the cathedral and did much damage to the lower town, but which had very little effect upon the strong fortifications of the upper town. Wolfe then determined to land below the mouth of the Montmorency and bring Montcalm into action. For this purpose he caused a large force to be landed, under Generals Townshend and Murray (July 10), who were to force the passage of the Montmorency. But the French were so strongly posted that such action was deferred. Finally General Monckton, with grenadiers, crossed the river from Point Levi and landed upon the beach at the foot of the high bank, just above the Montmorency. Murray and Townshend were ordered to cross that stream above the great falls and cooperate with Monckton, but the latter was too eager for attack to await their coming. He unwisely rushed forward, but was soon repulsed and compelled to take shelter behind a block-house near the beach, just as a thunder-storm, which had

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QUEBEC

MAP OF BATTLE OF QUEBEC.

been gathering for some time,

foot of a narrow ravine, a short distance above the town, that led up to the Plains of Abraham. At midnight the troops left the ships, and in flat-bottomed boats, with muffled oars, went down to the designated landing-place, where they disembarked. At dawn (Sept. 13) Lieutenant-Colonel Howe (afterwards Gen. Sir William Howe) led the van up the tangled ravine in the face of a sharp fire from the guard above. After a brief struggle they reached the plain, drove off a small force there, and covered the ascent of the main body. In early morning the whole British force was upon the Plains of Abraham, ready

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burst in fury upon the combatants. Before it ceased night came on, and the roar of to attack the city at its weakest points. the rising tide warned the English to take to their boats. In the battle and the flood 500 of the English perished. Various devices were conceived for destroying the French shipping, to draw out the garrison, and to produce alarm. A magazine and many houses were fired and burned, but it was impossible to cut out the French shipping.

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Two months passed away; very little progress had been made towards conquest; and no other intelligence had been received from Amherst than a report by the enemy that he had retreated. The season for action was rapidly passing. The prospect was discouraging; yet Wolfe, though prostrated by sickness, was full of hope. He called a council of officers at his bedside, and, on the suggestion of General Townshend, it was resolved to scale the Heights of Abraham from the St. Lawrence and assault the town. A plan was instantly matured, and, feeble as Wolfe was from the effects of fever, he resolved to lead the assault in person. The camp below the Montmorency was broken up (Sept. 8), and the attention of Montcalm was diverted from the real designs of the English by seeming preparations to attack his lines. Even De Bougainville, whom Montcalm had sent up the river with 1,500 men to guard against an attack above the town, had no suspicions of their intentions, so secretly and skilfully had the affair been managed. The troops had been withdrawn from the Isle of Orleans and placed on shipboard, and on the evening of Sept. 12 the vessels moved up the stream several miles above the intended landing-place, which was at a cove at the

MONTMORENCY FALLS.

It was an apparition unexpected to the vigilant Montcalm. He instantly put his troops in motion to meet the impending

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