against the English. He visited the gov- at its close there were, probably, not 1,000

ernor in war costume, bearing in his belt a glittering hatchet, and demanded some concessions for his incensed people. It was refused, and, forgetting himself for a moment, he snatched the hatchet from his belt and struck its keen blade into a log of the cabin, uttering a curse upon the English. Instantly recovering himself, he smiled, and said: "Pardon me, governor; I was thinking of that wicked Englishman (see ARGALL, SAMUEL) who stole my niece and struck me with his sword. I love the English who are the friends of Powhatan. Sooner will the skies fall than that my bond of friendship with the English shall be dissolved." Sir Francis warned the people that treachery was abroad. They did not believe it. They so trusted the Indians that they had taught them to hunt with fire-arms.

A tempest suddenly burst upon them. On April 1 (March 22, O. S.), 1622, the Indians rushed from the forests upon all the remote settlements, at a preconcerted time, and in the space of an hour 350 men, women, and children were slain. At Henrico, the devoted Thorpe, who had been like a father to the children and the sick of the savages, was slain. Six members of the council and several of the wealthier inhabitants were made victims of the treachery.

within the territory of 8,000 square miles. The colony, too, was sadly injured in number and strength. A deadly hostility between the races continued for more than twenty years. Opechancanough lived, and had been nursing his wrath all that time, prudence alone restraining him from war. His malice remained keen, and his thirst for vengeance was terrible.

When, in 1643, Thomas Rolfe, son of his niece Pocahontas, came from England, and with Cleopatra, his mother's sister, visited the aged emperor, and told him of the civil war between the English factions, the old emperor concluded it was a favorable time for him to strike another blow for his country. He was then past ninety years of age, and feeble in body. He sent runners through his empire. A confederation of the tribes for the extermination of the English was formed, and the day fixed to begin the work in the interior and carry it on to the sea. Early in April, 1644, they began the horrid work. The old emperor was carried on a litter borne by his warriors. In the space of two days they slew more than 300 of the settlers, sparing none who fell in their way. The region between the Pamunkey and York rivers was almost depopulated. Governor Berkeley met the savages with a competent armed force, and drove them back On the very morning of the massacre with great slaughter. Opechancanough the Indians ate at the tables of those was made a prisoner, and carried in whom they intended to murder at noon. triumph to Jamestown. He was so much The people of Jamestown were saved by exhausted that he could not raise his eyeChanco, a Christian Indian, who gave lids, and in that condition he was fatally them timely warning, and enabled them to wounded by a bullet from the gun of an prepare for the attack. Those on remote English soldier who guarded him, and who plantations who survived beat back the had suffered great bereavements at the savages and fled to Jamestown. In the hands of the savages. The people, curious, course of a few days eighty of the in- gathered around the dying emperor. habited plantations were reduced to eight. Hearing the hum of a multitude, he asked A large part of the colony were saved, and an attendant to raise his eyelids. When these waged an exterminating war. They he saw the crowd he haughtily demanded struck such fearful retaliating blows that a visit from the governor. Berkeley came, the Indians were beaten back into the when the old man said, with indignation, forest, and death and desolation were "Had it been my fortune to have taken spread over the peninsula between the Sir William Berkeley prisoner, I would York and James rivers. The emperor fled not meanly have exposed him as a show to the land of the Pamunkeys, and by a to my people." He then stretched himshow of cowardice lost much of his influ- self upon the earth and died. ence. The power of the confederacy was broken. Before the war there were 6,000 POWERS. Indians within 60 miles of Jamestown;

Open Door. See CHINA AND THE

Opequan, BATTLE OF. See WINCHESTER.

Orange, FORT, a defensive work at employed in coast-survey duty, when he Albany, N. Y. In 1614 Captain Chris- was sent to California. He took part in tiansen, who, in the interest of trade, expeditions against the Indians, and, in went up the Hudson River to the head of September, 1861, was made brigadier-gennavigation, built a fortified trading-house eral of volunteers, commanding a brigade on an island just below the site of Albany, of the Pennsylvania Reserves near the which he called Castle Island. The spring Potomac. In May, 1862, he was made floods made the place untenable, and in major-general of volunteers, and ordered 1617 a new fort was built at the mouth to the Army of the Mississippi, where he of the Tawasentha ("place of many dead"), or Norman's Kill, on the west side of the river. There a treaty of friendship and alliance was made with the Five Nations, the first ever made between the Indians and Hollanders. The situation of the new fort proving to be inconvenient, a more permanent fortification was built a few miles farther north, and called Fort Orange, in compliment to the Stadtholder, or chief magistrate, of Holland. Some of the Walloons settled there, and held the most friendly relations with the Indians. Near the fort Kilian Van Rensselaer, a wealthy pearl merchant of Amsterdam, purchased from the Indians a large tract of land in 1630, sent over a colony to settle upon it, and formed the "Colonie of Rensselaerswyck." A settlement soon grew around Fort Orange, and so the foundations of ALBANY (q. v.) were laid. Ord, EDWARD OTHO CRESAP, military officer; born in Cumberland, Md., Oct.

18, 1818; graduated at West Point in 1839, entering the 3d Artillery. He was in the Seminole War, and in 1845-46 was

did good service while in command at Corinth. He commanded the 13th Army Corps at the siege and capture of Jackson and Vicksburg. In the campaign against Richmond, in 1864, he commanded the 18th Corps from July to September, when he was severely wounded in the assault on Fort Harrison. He commanded the Department of Virginia from January to June, 1865, and was a participant in the capture of Lee's army in April. General Ord was brevetted major-general in the United States army, and commissioned a brigadier-general, July 26, 1866; and was retired Dec. 6, 1880. He died in Havana, Cuba, July 22, 1883.

Orders in Council. On Nov. 6, 1793, a British Order in Council was issued, but was not made public until the end of the year, directing British cruisers to stop, detain, and bring in for legal adjudication all ships laden with goods the production of any French colony, or carrying provisions or other supplies for the use of such colony. The order, which was calculated to destroy all neutral trade with the French colonies, even that which had been allowed in times of peace, was issued simultaneously with the despatch of a great expedition for the conquest of the French West Indies. Martinique, Guadaloupe, and St. Lucia all fell into the hands of the English. The news of the British order produced great excitement at Philadelphia, where Congress was in session, and public feeling against Great Britain ran high. It was manifested in and out of Congress by debates and discussions, and while these were in progress the feeling against the British was intensified by the publication in New York papers of what purported to be a speech of Lord Dorchester to a certain Indian deputation from a late general council at the Maumee Rapids, in which he suggested the probability of a speedy rupture between the United States and Great Britain.

ORDERS IN COUNCIL-ORDINANCE OF 1787

diately made by both governments for a settlement of existing difficulties, but failed. The British minister (Lord Castlereagh) declined to make any stipulation, formal or informal, concerning impressments. The war finally proceeded on the matter of impressments alone. See BERLIN DECREE; EMBARGO ACTS.

Ordinance of 1787. The title of this important act of Congress is "An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Kiver Ohio," and the text is as follows:

The British order and Dorchester's States government, after due notice, should speech caused resolutions to be introduced still persist in its non-importation and by Sedgwick, March 12, 1794, into the other hostile acts. Efforts were immeHouse of Representatives for raising fifteen regiments of 1,000 men each, for two years, and the passage of a joint resolution, March 26, laying an embargo for thirty days, afterwards extended thirty days longer, having in view the obstructing of the supply of provisions to the British fleet and army in the West Indies. Sedgwick's resolutions were rejected, but a substitute was passed suggesting a draft of militia. It was proposed to detach from this body 80,000 minute-men, enlist a regiment of artillery, and raise a standing force of 25,000 men. While debates were going on, news came that a second Order in Council had been issued, Jan. 8, 1794, superseding that of Nov. 6, restricting the capture of French produce in neutral vessels to cases in which the produce belonged to Frenchmen, or the vessel was bound for France; also, that no confiscations were to take place under the first order. This allayed the bitterness of feeling in the United States against

Great Britain.

In 1807 and 1810 Orders in Council were issued to meet the effects of the French decrees (Berlin and Milan). These remained in force, and bore heavily upon American commerce until after the declaration of war in 1812. Joel Barlow, who had been appointed American ambassador to France in 1811, had urged the French government to revoke the decrees as to the Americans. This was done, April 28, 1811, and a decree was issued directing that, in consideration of the resistance of the United States to the Orders in Council, the Berlin and Milan decrees were to be considered as not having existed, as to American vessels, since Nov. 1, 1810. Barlow forwarded this decree to Russell, American minister at the British Court. It arrived there just in time to second the efforts of the British manufacturers, who were pressing the government for a revocation of the Orders in Council. A new ministry, lately seated, being in danger of the desertion of a portion of their supporters, yielded, and on June 23, 1812, they revoked the orders of 1807 and 1810, with a proviso, however, for their renewal in case the United

Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, that the said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that the estates, both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among, their children, and the descendants of a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them: And where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin in equal degree; and, among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parents' share; and there shall, in no case, be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving, in all cases, to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this law, relative to descents and dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And, until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and sealed by him or her, in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed,

sealed, and delivered by the person, being in force in the district until the organi

zation of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but, afterwards, the legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think

of full age, in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded fit. within one year after proper magistrates, The governor, for the time being, shall courts, and registers shall be appointed be commander-in-chief of the militia, apfor that purpose; and personal property point and commission all officers in the may be transferred by delivery; saving, same below the rank of general officers; however, to the French and Canadian in- all general officers shall be appointed and habitants, and other settlers of the Kas- commissioned by Congress. kaskias, St. Vincents, and the neighboring villages who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance of property.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, that there shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 1,000 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office.

There shall be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for four years unless sooner revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 500 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department; and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months, to the secretary of Congress: There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a commonlaw jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in 500 acres of land while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.

Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the same: After the General Assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly; but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor.

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and he shall proceed, from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.

So soon as there shall be 5,000 free male inhabitants of full age in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from their counties or townships to represent them in the General Assembly: Provided, that for every 500 free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the The governor and judges, or a majority number of free male inhabitants, shall the of them, shall adopt and publish in the right of representation increase, until the district such laws of the original States, number of representatives shall amount to criminal and civil, as may be necessary twenty-five; after which the number and and best suited to the circumstances of proportion of representatives shall be reguthe district, and report them to Congress lated by the legislature: Provided, that from time to time: which laws shall be no person shall be eligible or qualified to

act as a representative unless he shall of the council five years, unless sooner have been a citizen of one of the United removed. And the governor, legislative States three years, and be a resident in council, and House of Representatives shali the district, or unless he shall have re- have authority to make laws in all cases sided in the district three years; and, in for the good government of the district, either case, shall likewise hold in his own not repugnant to the principles and arright, in fee simple, 200 acres of land ticles in this ordinance established and within the same: Provided, also, that a declared. And all bills, having passed freehold in 50 acres of land in the dis- by a majority in the House, and by a trict, having been a citizen of one of majority in the council, shall be referred the States, and being resident in the dis- to the governor for his assent; but no trict, or the like freehold and two years' bill, or legislative act whatever, shall be residence in the district, shall be neces- of any force without his assent. The gov sary to qualify a man as an elector of a ernor shall have power to convene, prorepresentative. rogue, and dissolve the General Assembly, when, in his opinion, it shall be expedient.

The representatives thus elected shall serve for the term of two years; and, in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term.

The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity and of office; the governor before the president of Congress, and all other officers before the governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and House, assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of debating but not of voting during this temporary government.

And, for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions, are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the said territory: to provide also for the establishment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their admission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest:

The General Assembly, or legislature, shall consist of the governor, legislative council, and a House of Representatives. The legislative council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress; any three of whom to be a quorum; and the members of the council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall be elected, the governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet to gether; and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in 500 acres of land, and return their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and, whenever a vacancy shall happen in the council, by death or removal from office, the House of Representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress; one of whom Con- It is hereby ordained and declared by gress shall appoint and commission for the authority aforesaid, that the followthe residue of the term. And every five ing articles shall be considered as articles years, four months at least before the of compact between the original States expiration of the time of service of the and the people and States in the said termembers of council, the said House shall ritory, and forever remain unalterable, unnominate ten persons, qualified as afore- less by common consent, to wit: said, and return their names to Con- ART. 1. No person, demeaning himself gress; five of whom Congress shall ap- in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall point and commission to serve as members ever be molested on account of his mode