Pinzon hastened into seclusion, filled with mortification and fear. Then came a letter from the monarchs, in answer to his, filled with reproaches for attempting to defraud the admiral of his just fame. Pinzon died of mortified pride a few days after reading the royal epistle, in 1493.

Pirates. For a long time merchants and ship-masters suffered from the depredations of pirates on the southern coasts of what are now the United States and in the West Indies. In 1718 King George I. ordered a naval force to suppress them. At the same time he issued a proclamation promising pardon to all pirates who should surrender in the space of twelve months. Capt. Woods Rogers took the island of New Providence, the chief rendezvous of the pirates, in the name of the crown of England. All the pirates, excepting about ninety who escaped in a sloop, took advantage of the King's

Pinzon, VINCENT YANEZ, navigator; born in Palos de Moguer, Spain, about 1640; brother of Martin Alonzo Pinzon; commanded the Nina in the first voyage of Columbus (1492); in 1499 led an expedition composed of four caravels, which sailed from Palos in December, and first saw the continent of South America at Cape Augustine, Brazil. Sailing north- proclamation. Rogers was made governor ward, he discovered and named the River Amazon. He died at his birthplace about

1524.

of the island, and built forts. From that time the West Indies were fairly protected from the pirates. They yet infested the coast of the Carolinas. About thirty of them took possession of the mouth of the Cape Fear River. Governor Johnson determined to extirpate them. He sent out an armed vessel under the command of William Rhett, who captured a piratical sloop with its commander and about thirty men, and took them to Charleston. Johnson soon afterwards sailed after and captured another armed sloop. All the pirates excepting two were killed, and those two were hanged. Those first taken into Charleston were also hanged, excepting one man.

Piqua, COUNCIL AT. Late in 1750 the Ohio Land Company sent Christopher Gist to explore the Ohio region as far as the falls at Louisville. He arrived at the Scioto Valley early in 1751, and was kindly received by the great sachem of the Miami Confederacy, rivals of the Six Nations, with whom they were at peace. Agents of Pennsylvania and Virginia were there, intending to make a treaty of friendship and alliance. The council was held at Piqua, far up the Scioto Valley. It was then a town of 400 families, the largest in the Ohio region. On Feb. 21 the treaty was concluded, and just as it was signed some Ottawas came with presents from the governor of Canada. They were admitted to the council, and expressed a desire for a renewal of friendship with the French. A sachem arose, and, setting up the colors of the English and the French, denounced the latter as enemies of the Miamis. Having delivered his speech, he strode out of the council. The colors of the French were taken down and their ambassadors were dismissed. On March 1 Gist took his leave, bearing this message to the English: "Our friendship shall stand like the loftiest moun- On June 28, 1861, the steamer St. tain." In the spring the French and Ind- Nicholas, Captain Kirwan, left Baltimore ians from Sandusky struck the Miamis a with forty or fifty passengers, including stunning blow. Piqua was destroyed, and about twenty who passed for mechanics. the great chief of the Miami Confederacy There were a few women among them— was taken captive, sacrificed, and eaten one who professed to be a young Frenchby the savage allies of the French. woman. When, on the following morning, Piquet, FRANCIS. See JESUIT MIS- the steamer was near Point Lookout, the Frenchwoman was suddenly transformed

SIONS.

Privateersmen cruising under the Spanish-American flags degenerated into downright pirates. In 1819 Commodore Perry was sent to the West Indies in the frigate John Adams to cruise against the pirates who swarmed there; but before he had accomplished much he was smitten by yellow fever, and died just as his ship was entering the port of Trinidad. Many convictions and executions for piracy had taken place; but as there had been many escapes through loop-holes in the law, the act of Congress on that subject was revised and strengthened.

66

Pitt, FORT (Pittsburgh), the most important military post in the American colonies west of the Alleghanies. The garrison had launch-boats to bear the Englishmen to the country of the Illinois. For some time the bitter foes of the English the Mingoes and Delawares-had been seen hovering around the post. On May

of skins with the English traders for powder and lead, and then suddenly disappeared. Towards midnight the Delaware chiefs warned the garrison to fly, offering to keep the property safe; but the gar

fort, and the Indians withdrew and threatened Fort Ligonier. See PONTIAC; DuQUESNE.

into a stout young man, and the twenty next morning she was presented to Washmechanics into well-armed Marylanders, ington by General Greene, who was so who demanded the surrender of the St. pleased with her bravery that he gave her Nicholas. Kirwan had no means for re- a commission as sergeant and had her sistance, and yielded. The passengers name placed on the pay-list for life. The were landed on the Virginia shore, and fame of Sergeant Mary," or Molly the captain and crew kept as prisoners. Pitcher, as she was more generally known, Then 150 armed accomplices of the pirates spread throughout the army. went on board the steamer, which was destined for the Confederate navy. She cruised down the Chesapeake, captured three brigs, and, with her prizes, went up the Rappahannock River to Fredericksburg, where they were entertained at a public dinner by the citizens. A few days afterwards some of Kenly's Baltimore police were on the steamer Mary Wash- 27, 1763, they exchanged a large quantity ington, going home from a post on the Chesapeake. On board were Captain Kirwan and his crew; also Thomas and his associates, who had captured the St. Nicholas, evidently intending to repeat their operation on the Mary Washington. The rison preferred to remain in their strong captain was directed to land at Fort McHenry. Thomas drew his revolver, and calling his fellow-pirates around him, he threatened to throw the officers over- Pitt, WILLIAM, the "Great Comboard and seize the vessel. The pirates moner "; born in Westminster, England, were overcome by numbers. General Nov. 15, 1708; entered Parliament in Banks sent a squad of men on board to 1735, where he was the most formidable seize Thomas and his confederates. The opponent of Robert Walpole. He held the former was found concealed in a closet in office of vice-treasurer of Ireland (1746), the ladies' cabin of the boat. He was and soon afterwards was made paymaster taken out, and with his accomplices of the army and one of the privy council. lodged in Fort McHenry. In 1755 he was dismissed from office, but in 1757 was made secretary of state, and soon infused his own energy into every part of the public service, placing England in the front rank of nations. By his energy in pressing the war in America (see FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR) he added Canada to the British Empire and dePitcher, MOLLY. In the BATTLE OF cided for all time the future of the MisMONMOUTH (q. v.) a shot from the Brit- sissippi Valley. All through the progress ish artillery instantly killed an American of the disputes between Great Britain gunner while working his piece. His wife, and its American colonies he advocated a Mary, a young Irishwoman twenty-two conciliatory and righteous policy towards years of age, had been fetching water to the Americans. In 1766 he was called him from a spring near by. When he fell to the head of affairs again; was created there appeared no one competent to fill his Earl of Chatham; but quitted office forplace, and the piece was ordered to be re- ever in 1768. In the House of Lords he moved. Mary heard the order, and, drop- opposed coercive measures towards the ping her bucket and seizing a rammer, Americans, in speeches remarkable for vowed that she would fill her husband's their vigor and eloquence. He was opplace at the gun and avenge his death. posed to the political independence of the She did so with skill and courage. The Americans, for he deprecated a dismem

Pitcairn, JOHN, military officer; born in Fifeshire, Scotland, about 1740; was made major in the British army in 1771. Leading troops to seize stores at Concord, he engaged in the fight at Lexington, and was shot dead on entering the redoubt on Bunker (Breed's) Hill, June 17, 1775.

berment of the empire, and, while opposing made a powerful speech against the Stamp a motion to that effect, in an earnest Act, to which the new ministry were comspeech in the House of Lords (April, pelled to give heed. Franklin was sum1778), he swooned, and was carried to moned to the bar of the House to testify. his home so much exhausted that he never rallied. He had risen from a sick-bed to take his place in Parliament on that occasion, and the excitement overcame him. He died in Hayes, Kent, May 11, 1778.

When he became the first minister of the realm, he saw, with enlightened vision, the justice and the policy of treating the American colonies with generosity and confidence. This treatment gained their affections, and, under his guidance, they gave such generous support to the government in the war with the French and Indians that the conquest of Canada was achieved, and the French dominion in America was destroyed. The project of an American Stamp Act was pressed (1757), which Pitt disdained to favor. He and Temple were both driven from office in April, 1757, leaving the government in the hands of incompetent and unscrupulous men. The country turned to Pitt, as the only man who could save the nation from ruin. Like a giant, he directed the affairs of the nation with so much wisdom that in two short years England was placed at the head of nationalities in power and glory.

When Pitt resigned the seals of office (1761) the King offered to confer a title upon him. He accepted for his wife the honorary title of Baroness of Chatham, with a pension for her, her husband, and their eldest son, of $15,000 a year. In 1766 he was created Viscount Pitt and Earl of Chatham, and was then called to the head of public affairs.

WILLIAM PITT.

He gave reasons why the Stamp Act could not be enforced in America, and a bill for its repeal was carried (March 18, 1766), by a large majority.

In January, 1775, Pitt introduced Dr. Franklin on the floor of the House of Lords, when the former made an eloquent plea for justice towards the Americans. This was in support of a measure which he proposed.

Pitt early in the year 1775 proposed an address to the King advising the reIn January, 1766, Pitt appeared in his call of the troops from Boston. It was replace in the House of Commons, and de- jected. In February, 1775, Pitt brought clared that "the King had no right to forward a bill which required a full levy a tax on the colonies," and said they acknowledgment on the part of the colhad invariably, by their representatives in onists of the supremacy and superintendtheir several assemblies, exercised the con- ing power of Parliament, but provided stitutional right of giving and granting that no tax should ever be levied on the their own money. "They would have been Americans except by consent of the coslaves," he said, "if they had not. . . . lonial assemblies. It also contained a The colonies acknowledge your authority provision for a congress of the colonies in all things, with the sole exception that to make the required acknowledgment; you shall not take their money out of their pockets without their consent." This avowal of the great commoner made a profound impression on the House. He

and to vote, at the same time, a free grant to the King of a certain perpetual revenue, to be placed at the disposal of Parliament. It was rejected at the first reading.

In token of their gratitude to Pitt for $457,219,484; tax rate, $12.50 per $1,000; and net public debt, $14,025,461; and the annual cost of maintaining the city government was about $6,458,360.

his successful efforts in procuring a repeal of the Stamp Act, in 1776 the Americans ordered two statues of their friend to be erected, one in New York and the other in Charleston.

Pitt, WILLIAM, statesman; born in Hayes, England, May 28, 1759; son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; became a member of the House of Commons in 1781 when the Tory ministry was tottering under the disasters in America. In

The Greater Pittsburgh.-On April 20, 1905, Governor Pennypacker signed a legislative bill providing for the consolidation of the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny City under the name of the former. A few days afterwards the State Supreme Court, on a bill in equity, granted a cautionary restraining order preventing the an address before that body he said: "A Court of Quarter Sessions of Allegheny noble lord has called the American war county from ordering a special election a holy war. I affirm that it is a most ac- on the petition of the mayor of Pittscursed war, barbarous, cruel, and unnat- burgh. At that time it was believed that ural; conceived in injustice, it was the action of the court would have no brought forth and nurtured in folly; its other effect than to delay the legal confootsteps are marked with slaughter and solidation. The two cities have long had devastation, while it meditates destruc- an incalculable community of interests— tion to the miserable people who are the in fact, have been a single municipality devoted objects of the resentments which in almost all relations excepting those produced it. Where is the Englishman legally circumscribed by their separate who can refrain from weeping, on what- charters. ever side victory may be declared?" He Combining the foregoing statistics of became prime minister in 1783, and was Pittsburgh with similar ones of Allegheny a party to arrange the peace treaty with City, a comprehensive view will be had the United States. He died in Putney, of the strictly municipal interests of the England, Jan. 23, 1806. Greater Pittsburgh: Total area, 354 Pittsburgh, a city, port of entry, and square miles; number of wards, 52; miles county-seat of Allegheny county, Pa.; for- of streets, 780; miles of sewers, 468; miles merly known as the "Iron City," from the of water-mains, 537; cost of water-works character of its main industries, and the system, $11,500,000; police department, "Smoky City," from its use of soft coal; men, 685, annual cost, $730,783; fire denow most widely known as the "Steel partment, men, 541, annual cost, $651,City"; on the Allegheny and Mononga- 290; assessed property valuations, real hela rivers, which here unite and form the estate, $498,184,007, personal, $3,861,077 Ohio, and on a number of important rail- total, $502,045,084; net public debt, roads, including the Pennsylvania, the $19,419,500. The tax rate in Allegheny Baltimore & Ohio, the Pittsburgh & City in 1904 was $15 per $1,000, and the Lake Erie, and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, & St. Louis; 353 miles west of Philadelphia. Population (1900), 321,616; 1905 (estimated), 365,000.

cost of maintaining the city government was $2,871,452. According to the United States census of 1900 the two cities had a combined population of 451,512, which, Public Interests.-The city in 1905 had it was officially estimated, had increased an area of 2734 square miles, and for ad- to about 600,000 at the time the consoliministrative purposes was divided into dation bill was approved. This would 38 wards. There were 580 miles of make the Greater Pittsburgh the fifth city streets, 360 miles of sewers, a water in the United States in population on works system that cost $8,000,000 and the 1905 estimates. Further statements had 372 miles of mains; a police depart- in this article refer to the individual city ment of 545 men that cost annually $574,- of Pittsburgh, except where otherwise 870; and a fire department of 425 men indicated.

that cost $490,000. The assessed property Industrial Affairs.· - According to the valuations (1904) were: Real estate, last Federal census, Pittsburgh had 1,938 $454,846,407; personal, $2,373,077-total, manufacturing and mechanical industries

that were operated on a total capital of mines to finished products in almost $193,162,900; employed 69,977 wage-earn- countless variety, and graded from the ers; paid for wages, $36,684,563, and for smallest, simplest article to the giant materials used in manufacturing, $116,- constructions involving the highest me833,174; and had a combined product chanical skill. Here are the greatest valued at $203,261,251. The principal in- steel-works in the country, if not in the dustries, with the value of output, were: world, with their affiliated blast-furnaces, Iron and steel, $90,798,561; foundry and rolling-mills, and other technical departmachine-shop products, $15,545,561; elec- ments, all continually expanding, crowdtrical apparatus and supplies, $14,013,- ing, and overflowing into the suburbs, till 450; architectural and ornamental iron- this single industry has come to cover a work, $6,111,943; malt liquors, $3,586,- very large territory of which the city is

(From a set of plans and forts in America, reduced from actual surveys, 1763, published in London.)

393; and glass, $2,778,847.

Allegheny the brain centre. Other fields in which City had 893 manufacturing industries, Pittsburgh occupies a commanding situa$50,122,503 capital, and 20,804 wage- tion are the petroleum and natural-gas earners; paid $10,352,502 for wages and industries, the manufacture of fire-proof $29,478,781 for materials; and had prod- buildings and fire-proofing materials, ucts valued at $54,136,967-making the plate, table, domestic, and ornamental value of the manufactured products of the two cities $257,398,218. The leading industries were relatively the same as those of Pittsburgh, with the addition of slaughtering and meat-packing, which had a product valued at $3,996,807.

Pittsburgh's basic industry today is steel, ranging from ore direct from the

glass, pottery, manufactures of copper, cork, white and red lead, and the pickling and preserving of fruits and vegetables.

Commerce. In the calendar year 1904 Pittsburgh was credited with having imported foreign merchandise to the value of $1,702,195. No statistics of its direct or indirect exports are available, for its