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possessing the land." The company sent surveyors to make definite boundaries. English settlers and traders went into the country. The jealousy of the French was aroused. They seized and imprisoned some of the surveyors and traders, and built forts. The French and Indian War that broke out soon afterwards put a stop to the operations of the company. See FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR; OHIO COMPANY.

ened, in case of their refusal, to make war upon them, and subdue them " to the yoke and obedience of the Church and his Majesty"; that he would make slaves of their wives and children, take all their possessions, and do them all the harm he could, protesting that they alone would be to blame for all deaths and disasters which might follow their disobedience. See ALEXANDER VI.

This proclamation, which justified murder and robbery under the sanction of the Church and State, indicated the spirit of most of the Spanish conquerors. The

Ojeda, ALONZO DE, adventurer; born in Cuenca, Spain, in 1465; was among the earliest discoverers in America after Columbus and Cabot. He was with Co- natives delayed, and slaughter began. lumbus in his first voyage. Aided by the Captives were carried to the ships as Bishop of Badajos, he obtained royal per- slaves. The outraged Indians gathered mission to go or a voyage of discovery, in bands and slew many of the Spanish and the merchants of Seville fitted out soldiers with poisoned arrows. Ojeda four ships for hi 1, in which he sailed for took shelter from their fury among matSt. Mary's on May 20, 1499, accompanied ted roots at the foot of a mountain, where by Americus Vespucius as geographer. his followers found him half dead. At Following the track of Columbus in his that moment Nicuessa, governor of the third voyage (see COLUMBUS, CHRISTO- other province, arrived, and with reinPHER), they reached the northeastern forcements they made a desolating war on coast of South America, and discovered the natives. This was the first attempt mountains on the continent. Coasting to take possession of the mainland in along the northern shore of the continent America. Ojeda soon retired with some (naming the country Venezuela), Ojeda of his followers to Santo Domingo. The crossed the Caribbean Sea, visited Santo vessel stranded on the southern shore Domingo, and returned to Spain in Sep- of Cuba, then under native rule, and a tember. In 1509 the Spanish monarch di- refuge for fugitive natives from Santo vided Central America into two provinces, Domingo. The pagans treated the sufferand made Ojeda governor of one of them ing Christians kindly, and were rewardand Nicuessa of the other. Ojeda sailed ed with the fate of those of Hispaniola from Santo Domingo late in the autumn, (see SANTO DOMINGO). The pious Ojeda accompanied by Pizarro and some Spanish had told of the wealth of the Cubans, friars, whose chief business at the outset and avaricious adventurers soon made that seems to have been the reading aloud to paradise a pandemonium. He built a the natives in Latin a proclamation by the chapel there, and so Christianity was Spanish leader, prepared by eminent introduced into that island. He died Spanish divines in accordance with a de- in Hispaniola in 1515. cree of the Pope of Rome, declaring that Ojibway Indians. See CHIPPEWA INDGod, who made them all, had given in IANS. charge of one man named St. Peter, who had his seat at Rome, all the nations on the earth, with all the lands and seas on the globe; that his successors, called popes, were endowed by God with the same rights; that one of them had given to the monarchs of Spain all the islands and continents in the Western Ocean, and that the natives of the land he was on were expected to yield implicit submission to the servants of the King and Ojeda, his representative. The proclamation threat

Okeechobee Swamp, BATTLE OF, an engagement in Florida in which General Taylor defeated the Seminoles and captured Osceola, Dec. 25, 1837.

Okemos, Indian chief; nephew of PONTIAC (q. v.). When a boy he fought the Americans under Arthur St. Clair and Anthony Wayne, and took an active part in the War of 1812, receiving a severe wound in the attack on Fort Meigs. He died in Lansing, Mich., December, 1886, probably much over 100 years of age.

OKLAHOMA

Oklahoma, TERRITORY OF. During the the Indians were permitted to sell to the Civil War many of the Indians belonging United States a vast tract of unused to the Five Civilized Nations in the Ind- lands in the central and western part of ian Territory espoused the cause of the their territory. Several millions of acres Confederacy and took up arms against the were bought by the government, for the United States. At the close of the war purpose of making a place of settlement the government declared that by these acts for freedmen and several Indian tribes.

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it had been purchased for another pur- thrown open to settlers, and again there pose.

was a wild rush of home-seekers; in July, 1901, the same scenes were enacted in the Kiowa and Comanche country. Population in 1890, 61,834; in 1900, 398,331. See UNITED STATES OKLAHOMA, in vol. ix.

TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS.

George W. Steele.......

Abraham J Seay...... Republican..
william C. Renfrow ... Democrat.
.Republican..
C. M. Barnes....

Thomas B. Ferguson..

1890-1891

1891-1893

1893-1897

1897-1901 1901

In 1889 the government bought it a second time from the Creeks, paying a much higher price, but obtaining it without any restrictive conditions. For ten years companies of adventurers, called "boomers," under the lead of Capt. David L. Payne, had been hovering on the outskirts of the territory, and now and then stealing across the border for the purpose of making settlements on the forbidden lands. As often as they had thus Old Dominion, a title often given to trespassed, however, they were promptly the State of Virginia. The vast, undedriven out again by the United States fined region named Virginia by Queen troops. A proclamation was issued by Elizabeth was regarded by her as a fourth the President, April 22, 1889, opening kingdom of her realm. Spenser, Raleigh's 1,900,000 acres of land for settlement. firm friend, dedicated his Faëry Queene There was immediately a grand rush into (1590) to Elizabeth, "Queen of England, the territory by the "boomers," and by Fiance, Ireland, and Virginia." When thousands of home-seekers and specula- James VI. of Scotland came to the Engtors. In a single day the city of Guth- lish throne (1603), Scotland was added, rie, with a population of 10,000, sprang and Virginia was called,, in compliment, into existence, and all the valuable land the fifth kingdom. On the death of was taken up. By subsequent proclama- Charles I. on the scaffold. (1649), his son tions other lands were opened, and the bounds of the territory were extended until, in 1891, it embraced 39,030 square miles. A large portion of Oklahoma, however, remained under the occupancy of Indian tribes, who were under the control of the Indian bureau, and received regular supplies of clothing and food from the government. Among these tribes were about 500 Sacs and Foxes, 400 Kickapoos, 2,000 Cheyennes, and 1,200 Arapahoes.

Charles, heir to the throne, was in exile. SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY (q. v.), a stanch royalist, was then governor of Virginia, and a majority of the colony were in sympathy with him. He proclaimed that son, "Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia"; and when, in 1652, the Virginians heard that the republican government of England was about to send a fleet to reduce them to submission, they sent a message to Breda, in Flanders, where Charles then resided, inviting him to come over and be King of Virginia. He was on the point of sailing for America when circumstances foreshadowed his restoration to the throne of his father. When that act was accomplished, the grateful monarch caused the arms of Virginia to be quartered with those of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as an independent member of the empire. From this circumstance Virginia received the title of The Dominion. Coins with such quarterings were struck as late as 1773. Old Ironsides, a name given to the frigate CONSTITUTION (q. v.).

Oklahoma when settled was a richly wooded country, except in the west, where there were extensive prairies. The climate is delightful, and the soil fertile and well adapted to agriculture. The first territorial governor was appointed by the President in 1890. The name Oklahoma means "Beautiful Country." The Cherokee Strip or Outlet towards Kansas was acquired from the Cherokee nation, and on Sept. 16, 1893, it was opened to settlers. The scenes attending the opening resembled those in 1889 and 1891. Ninety thousand intending settlers registered, and 20,000, it was estimated, encamped on the site selected for the chief town. The Old Probabilities, a title familiarly Strip contains about 6,000,000 acres, part given to the head of the United States of which is good farming land. On May weather bureau, first applied to Professor 23, 1896, another great section of terri- Abbe by Gen. Albert J. Myer, the chief tory, called the Kickapoo Strip, was signal-officer of the bureau.

OLD SOUTH CHURCH-OLIPHANT

Old South Church, Boston. The opposition to the requirement of church-membership for the exercise of political rights (see HALF-WAY COVENANT) led to the establishment, in 1669, of the “Third Church in Boston,” known as "The Old South" since 1717, of which Mr. Fiske says: "It is a building with a grander history than any other on the American continent, unless it be that other plain brick building in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was adopted and the federal Constitution framed."

Old Style, dates according to the Julian calendar, which was supplanted by the Gregorian calendar in 1582, but not accepted by Great Britain until 1752.

Oldham, JOHN, Pilgrim; born in England about 1600. In 1623 the Pilgrims, regarding Robinson, in Holland, as their pastor, and expecting him over, had no other spiritual guide than Elder Brewster. Because of this state of things at Plymouth, the London partners were taunted with fostering religious schism. To relieve themselves of this stigma, they sent a minister named Lyford to be pastor. He was kindly received, and, with John Oldham, who went to Plymouth at about the same time, was invited to the consultations of the governor with his council. It was soon discovered that Lyford and Oldham were plotting treason against the Church and State. Several letters written by Lyford to the London partners, breathing sedition, were discovered by Bradford as they were about to be sent abroad. The governor kept quiet for a while, but when Lyford set up a separate congregation, with a few of the colonists whom he had seduced, and held meetings on the Sabbath, Bradford summoned a General Court (1624), before whom the offending clergyman and his companions were arraigned on a charge of seditious correspondence. They denied the accusation, when they were confronted by Lyford's letters, in which he defamed the settlers, advised the London partners to prevent Robinson and the rest of his congregation coming to America, as they would interfere with his church schemes, and avowed his intention of removing the stigma of schism by a regularly organized church.

A third conspirator had written that Lyford and Oldham "intended a reforma

VII.-B

tion in church and commonwealth." Before these disclosures Oldham had behaved with much insolence, abusing the governor and Captain Standish, calling them “rebels and traitors,” and, when proved guilty, he attempted to excite a mutiny on the spot. Lyford burst into tears and confessed that he "feared he was a reprobate." Both were ordered to leave the colony, but Lyford, humbly begging to stay, asking forgiveness and promising good behavior, was reinstated. Oldham went to Nantasket, with some of his adherents, and engaged in traffic with the Indians. Lyford was soon detected again in seditious work and expelled from the colony. He joined Oldham. They afterwards lived at Hull and Cape Anne, and Oldham represented Watertown in the popular branch of the Massachusetts government in 1634. He made an exploring journey to the site of Windsor, on the Connecticut River, the next year, which was followed by the emigration to that region in 1635. While in a vessel at Block Island, in July, 1636, Oldham was murdered by some Indians, who fled to the Pequods, on the mainland, and were protected by them. This led to the war with the PEQUOD INDIANS (q. v.).

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Oldmixon, JOHN, author; born in Bridgewater, England, in 1673; and died in London, July 9, 1742. He was the author of The British Empire in America (2 volumes), published in 1708.

Oligarchy. See ARISTOCRACY.

Olin, STEPHEN, clergyman; born in Leicester, Vt., March 2, 1797; graduated at Middlebury College in 1820; became a Methodist clergyman in 1824; president of Randolph-Macon College in 1834; president of Wesleyan University in 1839. He died in Middletown, Conn., Aug. 16, 1851.

Oliphant, LAURENCE, author; born in Cape Town, Africa, in 1829. Lord Elgin made him his private secretary in 1853, and in 1865 he was elected to Parliament, but he resigned in 1868 in obedience to instructions from Thomas L. Harris, leader of the Brotherhood of the New Life a spiritualistic society of which both Oliphant and his wife were members. Among his publications are Minnesota, or the Far West in 1855; and The Tender Recollections of Irene Macgillicuddy, a sa

tire on American society. He died in the Puritan policy. He died at sea in
Twickenham, England, Dec. 23, 1888.

Oliver, ANDREW, governor; born in Boston, March 28, 1706; graduated at Harvard in 1724; a representative in the General Court from 1743 to 1746; one of his Majesty's council from 1746 to 1765; secretary of the province from 1756 to 1770; and succeeded Hutchinson (his brother-inlaw) as lieutenant-governor. In 1765 he was hung in effigy because he was a stamp distributer, and his course in opposition to the patriotic party in Boston caused him to share the unpopularity of HutchinHis letters, with those of Hutchinson, were sent by Franklin to Boston, and created great commotion there. He died in Boston, March 3, 1774. See HUTCHINSON, THOMAS.

son.

Oliver, BENJAMIN LYNDE, author; born in Marblehead, Mass., in 1788; was admitted to the bar. His publications include The Rights of an American Citizen; Law Summary; Forms of Practice, or American Precedents in Personal and Real Actions; Forms in Chancery, Ad miralty, and Common Law, etc. in 1843. He died

1855.

Mass., March 26, 1713; was a brother
Oliver, PETER, jurist; born in Boston,
of Andrew Oliver, and graduated at Har-
vard in 1730.
offices, he was made judge of the Supreme
After holding several
Court of Massachusetts in 1756, and in
1771 chief-justice of that court.
course in Boston in opposition to the pa-
His
triots made him very unpopular, and he
was one of the crowd of loyalists who fled
from that city with the British army in
March, 1776.
he lived on a pension from the British
He went to England, where
crown.
prose and poetry. Chief-Justice Oliver, on
He was an able writer of both
receiving his appointment, refused to ac-
impeached by the Assembly and declared
cept his salary from the colony, and was
suspended until the issue of the impeach
ment was reached. The Assembly of Mas
sachusetts had voted the five judges of the
Superior Court ample salaries from the
colonial treasury, and called upon them to
refuse the corrupting pay from the crown.
Only Oliver refused, and he shared the
ham, England, Oct. 13, 1791.
fate of Hutchinson. He died in Birming-

in Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 5, 1734; gradOliver, THOMAS, royal governor; born uated at Harvard in 1753; succeeded Lieut.-Gov. Andrew Oliver (of another family) in March, 1774, and in September Boston to resign. He took refuge with following was compelled by the people of the British troops in Boston, and fled with them to Halifax in 1776, and thence to England. He died in Bristol, England, Nov. 29, 1815.

Oliver, HENRY Kemele, musician; born in Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1818; in Boston, Mass., in 1738; served through Oliver, ROBERT, military officer; born taught music for many years; elected the War of the Revolution, and was one of mayor of Lawrence, Mass., 1859; State the earliest settlers in Ohio, locating in treasurer of Massachusetts, 1861; mayor Marietta. He filled various State offices, of Salem, Mass., 1866. Mr. Oliver is best and died in Marietta, O., in May, 1810. known as organist, director of choirs, and composer. He wrote Federal Street; Beacon Street, and many other wellknown hymn-tunes, and published a number of church tune - books. Boston, Mass., Aug. 10, 1885. He died in Oliver, PETER, author; born in Hanover, N. H., in 1822; studied law and began practice in Suffolk county, Mass. He was the author of The Puritan Commonwealth: An Historical Review of the Puritan Government in Massachusetts in its Civil and Ecclesiastical Relations, from lutionary War, Capt. Gideon Olmstead, Olmstead, CASE OF. During the Revoits Rise to the Abrogation of the First with some other Connecticut men, was Charter; together with some General Re- captured at sea by a British vessel and flections on the English Colonial Policy taken to Jamaica, where the captain and and on the Character of Puritanism. In three others of the prisoners were comthis book, which revealed much literary pelled or persuaded to enter as sailors on skill as well as great learning, he em- the British sloop Active, then about to phasized the unfavorable side of the sail for New York with stores for the Puritan character, and severely criticised British there. When off the coast of

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